CrimePreventionandSecurityManagement SeriesEditor:MartinGill Titlesinclude: PaulAlmond CORPORATEMANSLAUGHTERANDREGULATORYREFORM RachelArmitage CRIMEPREVENTIONTHROUGHHOUSINGDESIGN PolicyandPractice JoshuaBamfield SHOPPINGANDCRIME GrahamBrooks,ChrisLewis,DavidWalshandHakkyongKim(editors) PREVENTINGCORRUPTION Investigation,EnforcementandGovernance MarkButton DOINGSECURITY CriticalReflectionsandanAgendaforChange MitchellCongram,PeterBellandMarkLauchs POLICINGTRANSNATIONALORGANIZEDCRIMEANDCORRUPTION ExploringtheRoleofCommunicationInterceptionTechnology DanielDonnelly MUNICIPALPOLICINGINTHEEUROPEANUNION ComparativePerspectives PaulEkblom CRIMEPREVENTION,SECURITYANDCOMMUNITYSAFETYUSINGTHE5ISFRAMEWORK AdamGraycarandTimPrenzler UNDERSTANDINGANDPREVENTINGCORRUPTION JaniceGoldstraw-White WHITECOLLARCRIME AccountsofOffendingBehaviour BobHoogenboom THEGOVERNANCEOFPOLICINGANDSECURITY Ironies,MythsandParadoxes DanielMcCarthy ‘SOFT’POLICING TheCollaborativeControlofAnti-SocialBehaviour KateMoss BALANCINGLIBERTYANDSECURITY HumanRights,HumanWrongs KateMoss SECURITYANDLIBERTY RestrictionbyStealth TimPrenzler POLICINGANDSECURITYINPRACTICE ChallengesandAchievements EmmelineTaylor SURVEILLANCESCHOOLS Security,DisciplineandControlinContemporaryEducation JanvanDijk,AndromachiTseloniandGrahamFarrell(editors) THEINTERNATIONALCRIMEDROP NewDirectionsinResearch KevinWalbyandRandyK.Lippert CORPORATESECURITYINTHE21STCENTURY TheoryandPracticeinInternationalPerspective AdamWhite THEPOLITICSOFPRIVATESECURITY Regulation,ReformandRe-Legitimation CrimePreventionandSecurityManagement SeriesStandingOrderISBN978–0–230–01355–1hardback 978–0–230–01356–8paperback (outsideNorthAmericaonly) Youcanreceivefuturetitlesinthisseriesastheyarepublishedbyplacingastandingorder. 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Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd, Houndmills, Basingstoke, HampshireRG216XS,England AlsobyKevinWalby TOUCHINGENCOUNTERS:Sex,WorkandMale-for-MaleInternetEscorting(2012) POLICINGCITIES:UrbanSecuritizationandRegulationina21stCenturyWorld(co-edited withRandyLippert,2013) BROKERING ACCESS: Power, Politics and Freedom of Information Process in Canada (co-editedwithMikeLarsen,2012) EMOTIONSMATTER:ARelationalApproachtoEmotions(co-editedwithDaleSpencerandAlan Hunt,2012) AlsobyRandyK.Lippert SANCTUARY, SOVEREIGNTY, SACRIFICE: Canadian Sanctuary Incidents, Power, and Law (2006) EYESEVERYWHERE:TheGlobalGrowthofCameraSurveillance(co-editedwithAaronDoyle andDavidLyon,2011) SANCTUARY PRACTICES IN INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVE: Migration, Citizenship and SocialMovements(co-editedwithSeanRehaag,2012) POLICINGCITIES:UrbanSecuritizationandRegulationina21stCenturyWorld(co-edited withKevinWalby,2013) Corporate Security in the 21st Century Theory and Practice in International Perspective Editedby Kevin Walby AssistantProfessor,UniversityofWinnipeg,Canada Randy K. Lippert Professor,UniversityofWindsor,Canada Editorialmatter,selectionandintroduction©KevinWalby andRandyK.Lippert2014 Individualchapters©Respectiveauthors2014 Foreword©MarkButton2014 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2014 978-1-137-34606-3 Allrightsreserved.Noreproduction,copyortransmissionofthis publicationmaybemadewithoutwrittenpermission. Noportionofthispublicationmaybereproduced,copiedortransmitted savewithwrittenpermissionorinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthe Copyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988,orunderthetermsofanylicence permittinglimitedcopyingissuedbytheCopyrightLicensingAgency, SaffronHouse,6–10KirbyStreet,LondonEC1N8TS. Anypersonwhodoesanyunauthorizedactinrelationtothispublication maybeliabletocriminalprosecutionandcivilclaimsfordamages. Theauthorshaveassertedtheirrightstobeidentifiedastheauthorsofthis workinaccordancewiththeCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988. Firstpublished2014by PALGRAVEMACMILLAN PalgraveMacmillanintheUKisanimprintofMacmillanPublishersLimited, registeredinEngland,companynumber785998,ofHoundmills,Basingstoke, HampshireRG216XS. PalgraveMacmillanintheUSisadivisionofStMartin’sPressLLC, 175FifthAvenue,NewYork,NY10010. PalgraveMacmillanistheglobalacademicimprintoftheabovecompanies andhascompaniesandrepresentativesthroughouttheworld. Palgrave®andMacmillan®areregisteredtrademarksintheUnitedStates, theUnitedKingdom,Europeandothercountries. ISBN 978-1-349-46681-8 ISBN 978-1-137-34607-0 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9781137346070 Thisbookisprintedonpapersuitableforrecyclingandmadefromfully managedandsustainedforestsources.Logging,pulpingandmanufacturing processesareexpectedtoconformtotheenvironmentalregulationsofthe countryoforigin. AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress. Contents ListofFiguresandTables vii Foreword viii SeriesEditor’sPreface x Acknowledgments xii NotesonContributors xiii Introduction:GoverningEveryPerson,Place,and Thing–CriticalStudiesofCorporateSecurity 1 KevinWalbyandRandyK.Lippert Part I MakingSenseofCorporateSecurity: HistoricalandTheoreticalPerspectives 1 CorporateSecurityatFordMotorCompany:Fromthe GreatWartotheColdWar 17 RobertP.Weiss 2 BeyondtheRegulatoryGaze?CorporateSecurity, (In)Visibility,andtheModernState 39 AdamWhite 3 ThePrivateEyesofCorporateCulture:TheForensic AccountingandCorporateInvestigationIndustryandthe ProductionofCorporateFinancialSecurity 56 JamesW.Williams 4 ThePoliticsofCorporateSecurityandtheTranslationof NationalSecurity 78 KarenLundPetersen Part II EmpiricalCaseStudiesofCorporateSecurity inInternationalPerspective 5 CorporateSecurity:GoverningthroughPrivateand PublicLaw 97 ClarissaMeerts v vi Contents 6 ExpertiseandtheProfessionalizationof MunicipalCorporateSecurityinCanadianCities 116 KevinWalby,AlexLuscombe,andRandyK.Lippert 7 OperationalRiskandReputationalCompromise: ManagingtheMilitarizationofCorporateSecurityinIraq 134 ConorO’Reilly 8 RelationshipsandConflictsinUniversityCorporate SecurityNetworks 155 BlairWilkinson 9 CorporateSecurity,Licensing,andCivilAccountabilityin theAustralianNight-TimeEconomy 174 IanWarrenandDarrenPalmer Part III CorporateSecurity:Challengesand DilemmasintheField 10 TrendsandIssuesinCorporateSecurityPracticeand RegulationinAustralia 199 RickSarreandTimPrenzler 11 CorporateSecurityandtheStratumofSecurity Management 216 DavidJ.BrooksandJeffreyCorkill 12 CorporateSecurityandEnterpriseRiskManagement 235 AlisonWakefield 13 CrimeandSecurityLiabilityConcernsatShopping Centers 254 DennisM.SavardandDanielB.Kennedy Index 276 Figures and Tables Figures 5.1 Varietiesofprivate/publicsettlementprocesses 105 11.1 Relationshipofmanagers’skills 222 11.2 Changingbodyofknowledgeforcorporate securitymanager 224 11.3 Integratedframeworkofcorporatesecurity 225 11.4 Front-linesecuritymanager’sisolatedskills 227 11.5 Middle-levelsecuritymanager’sbroadeningskills andknowledge 228 11.6 Seniorexecutivestructure 230 11.7 Evolutionofthemanagerialfunctionalskills 231 12.1 TheCOSOERMintegratedframework 243 12.2 Aconvergedmodelofsecurity 250 Tables 11.1 Verticallineofmanagement 222 12.1 Strategic,financial,operational,andhazardriskstoa corporation 240 12.2 Operatingleversforconvergedcorporatesecurity 247 13.1 Frequencydistributionofpropertyanddrugcrimetypes atshoppingcenters,NationalIncident-BasedReporting System,2005–2010 263 13.2 Frequencydistributionofviolentcrimetypesat shoppingcenters,NationalIncident-BasedReporting System,2005–2010 263 13.3 Cross-tabulationofviolentcrimetypesatshopping centersbygender,NationalIncident-BasedReporting System,2005–2010 264 vii Foreword Over the last 30 years, there has been a substantial increase in scholarship on private policing and security. Academics such as Shear- ing,Stenning,Johnston,South,Rigakos,andGill,amongmanyothers, haveexpandedourunderstandingoftheprivatecontributiontopolic- ing. However, much of this work has focused upon private contract securitycompaniesandthestafftheyemploy.Comparatively,therehas beenmuchlessresearchonthecorporatesecurityunitsoflargeorgani- zations that sometimes purchase the services of these private security companies. This book provides a selection of chapters that consider aspects of corporate security, a much-needed addition to the thin base inthisarea. Researchinthisfieldisimportantforseveralreasons.Corporatesecu- rity often has significant power within their nodal context, which can have a major impact on the lives of people who work in them. There are rules, there are systems to enforce those rules, and there are sanc- tions applied to those who break them. The consequences of breaches oftheserulescanoftenbeworsethanthoseofthecriminaljusticesys- tem. Actual crimes are often dealt with by these systems too, without referencetopublicorcriminallaw.Suchsystemsthereforedeservemore academic scrutiny. There are plenty of chapters in this book that will stimulateinterestsandideas. Corporatesecurityalsoaffectsmanyplacespeoplevisit,fromtherules that are set to the strategies which are used to try and influence our behavior.Muchofthisistoourbenefitintryingtomakesafeandsecure locations, but there is also a ‘dark side’ to such approaches which seek to subtly discourage certain groups from visiting places, the so-called domesticationbycappuccino.Thesubtlestrategiesaremuchharderto condemnandchallenge,butthesesurelyrequiremoreresearchandaca- demicdebate.Anotherthemethroughoutthisbookisthestrategiesused incorporatesecurity.Scholarsofpublicpolicingwillbesurprisedbythe differentapproachesusedtorespondtosimilarcrimeproblems. Thegovernanceofcorporatesecurityisasignificantissuetoo.Ihave recently conducted a research on insurance fraud investigators who are investigating false claims, sharing intelligence, conducting surveil- lance, and prosecuting offenders in the civil courts for ‘contempt of viii Foreword ix court,’ where imprisonment is an option and does occur. Many more of theirinvestigationsare simply handedover to public police forpro- cessing.Thesecorporateinvestigators,however,areneitherlicensednor accountabletoanycomplaintsoroversightbody.Surely,thisisamajor gap in governance to which more research should be dedicated and to whichthisbookprovidessomesoundfoundations. Itisalsoimportantnottobecometoopreoccupiedwiththenegatives, as corporate security provides huge benefits to the organizations they serve and ultimately to customers. The safety of the places where we workandplayareanimportantpartoftheirfunctions.Securityfailure alsoultimatelyaffectsthebottomlineoforganizationsandmuchcanbe donetoreducethiscost.Thisbookpresentschaptersthatofferinsights into why corporate security has not worked, how it could work, and howitcouldimprove. There is much in this book to show that corporate security could do better. It could be orientated to be more ethical, it could be more effectiveinenhancingsecurity,anditcouldbebetterregulatedandcon- trolled.Thechapterstogetherprovideasubstantialcontributiontothe gapintheliteratureoncorporatesecuritybybringingtogetherleading scholars in this field from around the world. This volume provides the foundations for many scholars to identify a wide variety of issues for furtherresearchandinquiry.Italsooffersfascinatinginsightsrootedin empiricalresearchfromacrosstheglobeoncorporatesecurity.Forschol- arsofsecurity,policing,andcriminology,therearemanychaptersthat willgrabyourinterest.Youwillenjoythisbook. ProfessorMarkButton UniversityofPortsmouth