CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE – NEW INSIGHTS AND NOVEL APPROACHES Edited by Angelo Squeri Coronary Artery Disease – New Insights and Novel Approaches Edited by Angelo Squeri Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Vedran Greblo Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer InTech Design Team First published March, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from [email protected] Coronary Artery Disease – New Insights and Novel Approaches, Edited by Angelo Squeri p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0344-8 Contents Preface IX Part 1 Pathogenesis 1 Chapter 1 Gene Polymorphism and Coronary Heart Disease 3 Nduna Dzimiri Chapter 2 Lipoprotein(a) Oxidation, Autoimmune and Atherosclerosis 49 Jun-Jun Wang Chapter 3 ICAM-1: Contribution to Vascular Inflammation and Early Atherosclerosis 65 Sabine I. Wolf and Charlotte Lawson Chapter 4 Molecular and Cellular Aspects of Atherosclerosis: Emerging Roles of TRPC Channels 91 Guillermo Vazquez, Kathryn Smedlund, Jean-Yves K. Tano and Robert Lee Chapter 5 Hypoxia-Regulated Pro- and Anti-Angiogenesis in the Heart 103 Angela Messmer-Blust and Jian Li Chapter 6 Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) Activity, Polymorphisms and Coronary Artery Disease 115 Nidhi Gupta, Kiran Dip Gill and Surjit Singh Part 2 Acute Coronary Syndrome 137 Chapter 7 Acute Coronary Syndrome: Pathological Findings by Means of Electron Microscopy, Advance Imaging in Cardiology 139 Mohaddeseh Behjati and Iman Moradi VI Contents Chapter 8 Shortened Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (APTT): A Simple but Important Marker of Hypercoagulable State During Acute Coronary Event 157 Wan Zaidah Abdullah Part 3 Cardiovascular Prevention 167 Chapter 9 Individualized Cardiovascular Risk Assessment 169 Eva Szabóová Chapter 10 Metabolomics in Cardiovascular Disease: Towards Clinical Application 207 Ignasi Barba and David Garcia-Dorado Chapter 11 Novel Regulators of Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor and Circulating LDL-C for the Prevention and Treatment of Coronary Artery Disease 225 Guoqing Cao, Robert J. Konrad, Mark C. Kowala and Jian Wang Chapter 12 Serum Choline Plasmalogen is a Reliable Biomarker for Atherogenic Status 243 Ryouta Maeba and Hiroshi Hara Preface Coronary Artery disease is one of the leading causes of death in industrialized countries and is responsible for one out of every six deaths in the United States. Remarkably, coronary artery disease is also largely preventable. The pathogenesis is complex and involves many different pathways that are only partially understood. Recently, the morbidity and mortality of ischaemic heart disease have substantially improved because of progress in therapeutic strategies, represented by the dramatic evolution of percutaneous coronary intervention. The biggest challenge in the next years is, however, to reduce the incidence of coronary artery disease worldwide. A complete knowledge of the mechanisms responsible for the development of ischaemic heart disease is an essential prerequisite to a better management of this pathology improving prevention and therapy. This monograph deals with the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis with emphasis on epigenetics, metabolomics, inflammation, molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in cardiovascular disease development. This book has been written with the intention of providing new concepts about coronary artery disease pathogenesis that may link various aspects of the disease, going beyond the traditional risk factors. Angelo Squeri, MD Maria Cecilia Hospital – GVM Care & Research Italy