AFRICAN-AMERICAN LEADERS Cornel West AFRICAN-AMERICAN LEADERS Carol Moseley-Braun Henry Louis Gates, Jr. Benjamin Hooks Eleanor Holmes Norton Condoleezza Rice Cornel West AFRICAN-AMERICAN LEADERS Cornel West John Morrison CHELSEA HOUSE PUBLISHERS VP,NEWPRODUCTDEVELOPMENT Sally Cheney DIRECTOROFPRODUCTION Kim Shinners CREATIVEMANAGERTakeshi Takahashi MANUFACTURINGMANAGER Diann Grasse Staff for CORNEL WEST EDITORSally Cheney EDITORIALASSISTANTJosh Spiegel PRODUCTIONASSISTANTMegan Emery PHOTOEDITORSarah Bloom SERIES& COVERDESIGNERTerry Mallon LAYOUTJennifer Krassy Peiler ©2004 by Chelsea House Publishers, a subsidiary ofHaights Cross Communications. All rights reserved.Printed and bound in the United States ofAmerica. www.chelseahouse.com First Printing 1 3 5 7 9 8 6 4 2 Library ofCongress Cataloging-in-Publication Data applied for ISBN 0-7910-7686-5 Table of Contents Introduction 6 1. Man in a Hurry 8 2. The Making of a Scholar 20 3. The Teacher 34 4. Harvard Dust-Up 46 5. Inspiring the Young 58 6. The Missing Heroes 70 7. Influential African-American Leaders 82 8. Songs of Hope 96 9. Justice Denied 104 Chronology 110 Bibliography 113 Further Reading 114 Index 115 I NTRODUCTION Beginning with the publication of the series Black Americans of Achievement nearly twenty years ago, Chelsea House Publishers made a commitment to publishing biographies for young adults that celebrated the lives of many ofthe country’s most outstanding African Americans. The mix of individuals whose lives we covered was eclectic, to say the least.Some were well known—Dr.Martin Luther King, Jr., for example—although others we covered might be lesser known—Madam C.J. Walker, for example. Some—like the actor Danny Glover—were celebrities with legions ofadoring fans. It mattered not what an individual’s “star”quality might be,or how well known they were to the general public.What mattered was the life ofthe individual— their actions,their deeds,and,ultimately,their influence on the lives of others and our nation,as a whole.By telling the life stories of these unique Americans,we hoped to tell the story of how ordinary individuals are transformed by extraordinary circumstances to people of greatness. We hoped that the special lives we covered would inspire and encourage our young-adult readers to go out in the world and make a positive difference;and judging from the many wonderful letters that we have received over the years from students,librarians,and teachers about our Black Americans ofAchievementbiographies,we are certain that many young adults did just that! Now, some twenty years later, we are proud to release this new series of biographies, African-American Leaders, which we hope will make a similar mark on the lives of our young-adult readers. The individuals whose lives we cover in this first set of six books are all contemporary 6 African-American leaders.As these individuals are all living, the biographers made every attempt to interview their sub- jects so they could provide first-hand accounts and interest- ing anecdotes about each subject’s life. After reading about the likes of Henry Louis Gates,Jr., Cornel West, Condoleezza Rice, Carol Moseley-Braun, Eleanor Holmes Norton, and Benjamin Hooks, we think you’ll agree that the lives of these African-American leaders are remarkable. By overcoming the barriers that racism placed in their paths,they are an example of the power and resiliency of the human spirit and an inspiration to us all. The Editor Chelsea House Publishers 7 1 Man in a Hurry “Black people in the United States differ from all other modern people owing to the unprecedented levels of unregulated and unrestrained violence against them. No other people have been taught systematically to hate themselves—psychic violence—reinforced by the powers ofstate and civic coercion—physical violence—for the primary purpose ofcontrolling their minds and exploit- ing their labor for nearly 400 years.” —Cornel West,Race Matters It was 1966, and Cornel West was 13 years old. He was a student at the new John F. Kennedy High School in Sacramento, California. He was on the track team, and his coach decided he wanted to teach him to swim. The coach,who was white,took young Cornel out ofthe all-black neighborhood that he so loved where he felt com- fortable.Cornel’s coach brought him to the white section of 8 town where young Cornel was an unwelcome outsider.The coach lived in a “whites only”apartment complex (i.e.,housing that discriminated against blacks),that had a pool in which the coach intended to teach Cornel to swim. On the day of the lesson, there were swimmers in the pool—all white, of course. When Cornel and the coach jumped into the water,the white swimmers leaped from the pool as ifa hungry shark had just shown its fin in the water. Later,the pool was drained. In an interview more than 30 years later,West appeared to remain in a state of shock over the incident. “I polluted the pool!”he said in wonder.“I contaminated it! I thought,‘What is going on? What is wrong with me?’It hit me on a deep level.” “The apartment manager told the coach, ‘Don’t ever bring that little so-and-so here again.’ The coach was so upset.He didn’t know what to do.He was a very progressive white brother.”He later moved out ofthe complex in protest. It was not that West was unaware of racism;he just had not experienced it in such a harsh manner before. The shocking event at the white pool was not to be the last racist incident to afflict a man whom many consider one ofthe most outstanding scholars,teachers,and writers in the fields ofphilosophy,theology,and African-American studies. West has been stopped by the police,called racist names,sent death threats,and once as he stood on a street corner in New York City in a hurry to keep an appointment,looked on in amazement as nine taxis rolled by,refusing to stop and pick him up.Once,his wife was even threatened with a gun. He admits to seething with anger over these incidents. Yet, through it all, he has never deviated from his convic- tions about the best way to cope with racism in America.He believes the best way to touch the hearts and souls of 9