EEddiitthh CCoowwaann UUnniivveerrssiittyy RReesseeaarrcchh OOnnlliinnee Theses: Doctorates and Masters Theses 1-1-1999 CCoonnvveerrssaattiioonnaall ccooddee--sswwiittcchhiinngg aammoonngg JJaappaanneessee--EEnngglliisshh bbiilliinngguuaallss wwhhoo hhaavvee JJaappaanneessee bbaacckkggrroouunndd Yoshiko Morishima Edith Cowan University Follow this and additional works at: https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses Part of the Applied Linguistics Commons RReeccoommmmeennddeedd CCiittaattiioonn Morishima, Y. (1999). Conversational code-switching among Japanese-English bilinguals who have Japanese background. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1256 This Thesis is posted at Research Online. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1256 Edith Cowan University      Copyright Warning            You may print or download ONE copy of this document for the purpose  of your own research or study.    The University does not authorize you to copy, communicate or  otherwise make available electronically to any other person any  copyright material contained on this site.    You are reminded of the following:     Copyright owners are entitled to take legal action against persons  who infringe their copyright.     A reproduction of material that is protected by copyright may be a  copyright infringement. Where the reproduction of such material is  done without attribution of authorship, with false attribution of  authorship or the authorship is treated in a derogatory manner,  this may be a breach of the author’s moral rights contained in Part  IX of the Copyright Act 1968 (Cth).     Courts have the power to impose a wide range of civil and criminal  sanctions for infringement of copyright, infringement of moral  rights and other offences under the Copyright Act 1968 (Cth).  Higher penalties may apply, and higher damages may be awarded,  for offences and infringements involving the conversion of material  into digital or electronic form . USE OF THESIS The Use of Thesis statement is not included in this version of the thesis. Conversational Code-switching among Japanese-English Bilinguals who have Japanese Background by Yoshiko Morishima Thesis Submitted in Partial Fullilment of the Requirements for the Award of Master of Arts (Applied Linguistics) at the Faculty of Community Services, Education and Social Sciences Ed~h Cowan University, Mount Lawley Campus Date of Submission: 20 December 1999 Abstract The aim of this study is to investigate the code-switching of native speakers of Japanese in an English-speaking context. The languages involved in code-switching therefore are English and Japanese. This is an instance of communication in the participants' first language, in a setting where the speakers' second language is dominant. The research focused on a sample of twelve Japanese people. These participants were born in Japan, and their parents' native language is Japanese. Even though the length of time each has spent in residence in an English-speaking country varies, the minimum is two years. Further, all have previously studied English, for at least six years, during the high school period in Japan, and are regular users of English. These participants were separated into six pairs of two age groups. The first was 20-30 years, the second was 40-60 years. Their infonnal conversation was recorded and transcribed for analysis. Moreover, a sociolinguistic interview was carried out in order to uncover the participants' intentions or strategies, (based primarily on their own interpretations), with regard to code-switching. ii Despite a large number of loan words in the Japanese language (most deriving from English), and the prestigious status which the English language holds, Japanese people within Japanes~ society, tend to hold a negative attitude towards code-switching in conversational circumstances. In this study, however, code switching was found to be a significant choice in the speakers' linguistic repertoire (in the English-speaking context) for informal interactions with their friends. Although there was some degree of constraints on the speakers' linguistic choices, primarily attributable to a particular topic and attitudes towards code-switching, the speakers demonstrated ability thei~ to make a linguistic choice according to their intentions/ strategies. Mvreover, this study attempted to expose the linguistic features of English/Japanese code-switching. The type of code-switching which was most frequently used amongst the participants was intrasentential code-switching (which occurs within the same sentence). Specifically, singly occurring intrasentential code switching was the most common amongst the speakers. It was found that the Japanese language played a dominant role in producing this type of code-switching. On the other hand, well-formed English phrases were also produced in intrasentential code switching when there is a semantic/pragmatic mismatch between the two languages. iii Declaration I certify that this thesis does not, to the best of my knowledge and belief: li I incorporate without acknowledgement any material previously submitted for a degree or diploma in any institution of higher education; (ii) contain any material previously published or written by another person except where due reference is made in the text; or (iii) contain any defamatory material. Signatur Date_ ______ L_2~v~~~~~~-L~~ iv Acknowledgments I would like to express my gratitude to my family, especially to my father whom without his support I would not have been able to carry out this thesis. I wish to thank my supervisor Professor Ian G. Malcolm for his precious hints and suggestions on how to conduct this thesis. Finally I wish to express my thanks to all the participants for their willingness and unremitting patience in participating to the survey. v Contents .~stract jj Declaration " Acknowledgement ' L.ist of Tables viii List of Symbols IX Chapter 1 Tntroduction 1 1.1 Background to the Study 1 1.2 Significance of the Study 6 l.J Purpose and Research Questions of the Study 11 Chapter 2 Prevailing Linguistic Conditions in Japan 13 2.1 Japan as a Monolingual Country 13 2.2 Japan's Historical Multilingualism 14 2 . 3 Attitude Towards Eng 1 ish Loan ~lords 24 2.4 Status of English 25 2.5 Bilingualism in Japan 27 Chapter 3 Review of Literature and Theoretical Framework 33 3.1 ReviewofLiterature 33 3 .1.1 Social/Pragmatic Aspect of Code-switching 33 3.1.2 Linguistic Aspect of Code-switching 51 3 .1.3 Language Attitudes 57 3 .1. 4 Attitudes Towards Code-switching 62 3. 2 Theoretical Framework 64 3. 2.1 Descriptive Framework \•lithin Sociolinguistics 65 3. 2. 2 Speech Accommodation Theory 66 3.2.3Alan Bell's 'Language Styles as Audience Design' 67 3.2.4Brown and Levinson's 'Politeness' Hodel 69 3.2.5Myers-Scotton's Markedness Model 71 3.2.6Myers-Scotton•s Matrix Language Frame Model 73 Chapter 4 Method 80 4 .1 Subjects 80 4.2 Data 83 4. 2 .l Initial Questionnaire 83 4. 2. 2 Recording Sessions 84 4. 2. 3 Second Questionnaire 87 4. 2. 4 Recollection Test 88 4. 2. 5 Sociolinguistic Interviews 90 4. 3 'l'ranscription 91 4. 4 Analysis 91 4. 4.1 Social/Pragmatic Approach 91 4.4.2 Linguistic Analysis 95 4.4.3Attitude Towards English, Japanese, and Code 95 -switching Chapter 5 Results and Discussion 98 5.1 Patterns of Language Choice 98 5 .1. 1 Code-switching Data 99 5 .1. 2 The Codeswitched Component 99 5 .1.3 Division of Topic 2 102 5 .1. 4 The Relationship BetwE~en the Frequency of 102 Code-switching and Topic 5.1.5The Relationship Between the Frequency of Code 125 -switching and the Gender of the Interlocutor 5.2 Types of Code-switching 128 5.2.1Types of Code-switching in Relation to Topics 129 5.2.2 Types of Code-switching in Relation to the 135 Gender of the Interlocutcr 5.3 Attitudes Towards English and Japanese 138 5.3.1General Attitudes Towards English and 138 Japanese 5.3.2Instrumental and Integr"'uve Attitudes 143 Towards English 5.4 Attitudes Towards Code-switching 150 5.5 Pragmatic Factors in Code-switching 168 5.6 Interactional Functions of Code-switching 194 5. 7 Structural Factors in Code-switching 213 Chapter 6 Conclusion 233 References 244 Appendix 1 Questionnaire Form 258 Appendix 2 Transcription 261 vii