Converged Communications IEEE Press 445 Hoes Lane Piscataway, NJ 08854 IEEE Press Editorial Board Sarah Spurgeon, Editor in Chief Jón Atli Benediktsson Andreas Molisch Diomidis Spinellis Anjan Bose Saeid Nahavandi Ahmet Murat Tekalp Adam Drobot Jeffrey Reed Peter (Yong) Lian Thomas Robertazzi Converged Communications Evolution from Telephony to 5G Mobile Internet Erkki Koivusalo Advisor at Sofigate in Espoo, Finland Copyright © 2023 by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey. Published simultaneously in Canada. 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Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data is Applied for: Hardback ISBN 9781119867500 Cover Design: Wiley Cover Image: © zf L/Getty Images Set in 9.5/12.5pt STIXTwoText by Straive, Pondicherry, India v Contents Preface xxi Acknowledgments xxiii Acronyms xxv About the Companion Website xxxix Introduction – The Evolution xli Part I Fixed Telephone Systems 1 1 Fixed Telephone Networks 3 1.1 Telephone Network 3 1.1.1 Analog and Digital Representation of Voice 3 1.1.2 Telephone Network Elements 5 1.1.3 Evolution of the Fixed Telephony Network from Analog to Digital 6 1.1.4 Telephone Numbering 9 1.1.5 Tasks and Roles of Telephone Exchanges 9 1.1.6 The Subscriber Line 10 1.1.7 Telephony Signaling on the Analog Subscriber Line 11 1.1.8 Trunk Lines 12 1.1.9 Telephone Networks and Data Communications 13 1.2 Telephone Exchange and Signaling Systems 14 1.2.1 Operation and Structure of a Telephone Exchange 14 1.2.2 Intelligent Networks 16 1.2.3 Signaling between Exchanges 18 1.2.3.1 Channel Associated Signaling 18 1.2.3.2 Common Channel Signaling and SS7 19 1.2.4 ISDN 20 1.3 Transmission Networks 20 1.3.1 E1 and T1 20 1.3.1.1 Standardization of E1 and T1 20 1.3.1.2 Endpoints of E1 and T1 Lines 21 1.3.1.3 Frame Structures 21 1.3.2 V5 23 1.3.3 PDH 23 1.3.3.1 Standardization of PDH 23 vi Contents 1.3.3.2 PDH Signal Hierarchy and Operation 24 1.3.3.3 PDH Network Architecture 25 1.3.4 SDH 26 1.3.4.1 Standardization of SDH 26 1.3.4.2 Basic Principles of SDH Multiplexing 27 1.3.4.3 SDH Network Architecture 29 1.3.5 Microwave Links 31 1.3.5.1 Standardization of Microwave Link Systems 31 1.3.5.2 Architecture of Microwave Radio Links 31 1.3.6 Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) 31 1.3.6.1 Standardization of WDM Systems 31 1.3.6.2 WDM System Building Blocks 32 1.3.6.3 WDM Network Architecture 34 1.4 Questions 34 References 35 Part II Data Communication Systems 39 2 Data over Telephony Line 41 2.1 Subscriber Line Data Technologies 41 2.1.1 Narrowband Analog Modems 41 2.1.2 Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) Technologies 42 2.2 Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line 44 2.2.1 Architecture of ADSL System 45 2.2.2 ADSL Modulation Methods 46 2.2.3 ADSL Latency Paths and Bearers 48 2.2.4 ADSL Modem Functional Block Model 49 2.2.5 ADSL Frame Structure 51 2.2.6 ADSL Bearers and Transport Classes 53 2.2.7 ADSL Line Initialization 54 2.3 VDSL 56 2.3.1 Architecture and Bands of VDSL System 56 2.3.2 VDSL Frame Structure 57 2.3.3 VDSL Overhead 58 2.3.4 VDSL Line Initialization 59 2.4 Questions 61 References 61 3 Data Network Technologies 63 3.1 Data Link Protocols 64 3.1.1 Ethernet 64 3.1.1.1 Ethernet Standardization 64 3.1.1.2 Ethernet Media Access Control and Networking 65 3.1.1.3 Ethernet Layers and Frames 67 3.1.2 WLAN Systems 68 3.1.3 HDLC and LLC 70 Contents vii 3.1.3.1 Architecture of the HDLC System 70 3.1.3.2 HDLC Frame Structures 71 3.1.3.3 Operation of HDLC 72 3.1.3.4 LLC Protocol 73 3.1.4 PPP 73 3.2 Switching Protocols for Virtual Connections 75 3.2.1 Frame Relay 75 3.2.2 ATM 75 3.2.3 MPLS 76 3.3 Internet Protocol Version 4 79 3.3.1 History of IPv4 Protocol Suite 79 3.3.2 IPv4 80 3.3.2.1 Architecture and Services of IPv4 81 3.3.2.2 IPv4 Addressing 82 3.3.2.3 IPv4 Packet Structure 85 3.3.3 ICMP and IGMP 86 3.3.4 UDP 87 3.3.5 TCP 87 3.3.6 SCTP 90 3.3.7 QUIC 91 3.3.8 DNS 92 3.3.9 DHCP 95 3.3.10 Security of IPv4 Data Flows 97 3.3.10.1 IPSec 97 3.3.10.2 TLS 100 3.4 Internet Protocol Version 6 101 3.4.1 Standardization of IPv6 and the Initial Challenges 101 3.4.2 IPv6 103 3.4.2.1 IPv6 Addressing 103 3.4.2.2 IPv6 Packet Structure 105 3.4.3 Methods to Support the Parallel Use of IPv4 and IPv6 106 3.4.4 ICMPv6 108 3.4.5 DHCPv6 108 3.5 IP Routing 109 3.6 Web Browsing with HTTP Protocol 112 3.7 Questions 118 References 119 Part III Mobile Cellular Systems 123 4 Cellular Networks 125 4.1 Cellular Networking Concepts 125 4.1.1 Structure of a Cellular Network 125 4.1.2 Operation of Cellular Network 127 4.1.3 Antenna Technologies 128 4.1.4 Multiplexing Methods in Cellular Networks 129 viii Contents 4.1.4.1 Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) 129 4.1.4.2 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) 130 4.1.4.3 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) 130 4.1.5 Mobility Management 131 4.2 History of Cellular Technologies 132 4.3 First Generation 134 4.4 Questions 134 References 135 5 Second Generation 137 5.1 GSM 137 5.1.1 Standardization of Second Generation Cellular Systems 137 5.1.2 Frequency Bands Used for GSM 139 5.1.3 Architecture and Services of GSM Systems 140 5.1.3.1 GSM Services 140 5.1.3.2 GSM System Architecture 141 5.1.3.3 GSM Functions and Procedures 145 5.1.3.4 GSM Protocol Stack Architecture 146 5.1.4 GSM Radio Interface 147 5.1.4.1 Modulation and Multiplexing 147 5.1.4.2 Frame Structure and Logical Channels 148 5.1.4.3 GSM Bursts and Channel Coding 152 5.1.4.4 GSM Frequency Hopping 154 5.1.5 Signaling Protocols between MS and GSM Network 155 5.1.5.1 LAPDm Protocol 155 5.1.5.2 RIL3 Protocols 156 5.1.6 Signaling Protocols of GSM Network 157 5.1.6.1 Layer 1 157 5.1.6.2 Layer 2 157 5.1.6.3 Layer 3 157 5.1.6.4 SS7 Protocols 157 5.1.7 Radio Resource Management 158 5.1.7.1 GSM Radio Channel Assignment 158 5.1.7.2 Changing Channel Type or Data Rate 161 5.1.7.3 Releasing GSM Radio Channel 161 5.1.8 Security Management 162 5.1.8.1 Security Algorithms 162 5.1.8.2 Security Procedures 163 5.1.8.3 Hiding The Identity of the User 164 5.1.9 Communication Management 164 5.1.9.1 Mobile Originated Call 164 5.1.9.2 Mobile Terminated Call 165 5.1.9.3 Call Release 166 5.1.9.4 Other Communication Management Functions 167 5.1.10 Voice and Message Communications 167 5.1.10.1 Voice Encoding for GSM Circuit Switched Call 167 5.1.10.2 Short Messages 170