(cid:35)(cid:79)(cid:78)(cid:84)(cid:82)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:76)(cid:73)(cid:78)(cid:71) (cid:84)(cid:72)(cid:69) (cid:49)(cid:85)(cid:65)(cid:78)(cid:84)(cid:85)(cid:77)฀(cid:55)(cid:79)(cid:82)(cid:76)(cid:68) (cid:52)(cid:72)(cid:69)฀(cid:51)(cid:67)(cid:73)(cid:69)(cid:78)(cid:67)(cid:69)฀(cid:79)(cid:70)฀(cid:33)(cid:84)(cid:79)(cid:77)(cid:83)(cid:12) (cid:45)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:69)(cid:67)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:69)(cid:83)(cid:12)฀(cid:65)(cid:78)(cid:68)฀(cid:48)(cid:72)(cid:79)(cid:84)(cid:79)(cid:78)(cid:83) Committee on AMO 2010 Board on Physics and Astronomy Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20001 Notice: the project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of engineering, and the institute of Medicine. the members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance. this project was supported by the Department of energy under Award No. De-FG02-04eR15610 and by the National Science Foundation under Award No. PHY-0443243. Any opinions, indings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily relect the views of the sponsors. Cover: A purple laser beam slows erbium atoms (the purple beam traveling right to left) emerging from an oven at 1300°c, in preparation for trapping and cooling. SoURce: National institute of Standards and technology. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data controlling the quantum world : the science of atoms, molecules, and photons / committee on AMo 2010, Board on Physics and Astronomy, Division on engineering and Physical Sciences. p. cm. includes bibliographical references. iSBN 978-0-309-10270-4 (pbk.) 1. Quantum theory. 2. Atoms. 3. Molecules. 4. Photons. i. National Research council (U.S.). committee on Atomic, Molecular, and optical Sciences 2010. Qc174.12.c67 2006 539—dc22 2007012182 Additional copies of this report are available from the National Academies Press, 500 Fifth Street, N.W., Washington, Dc 20001; (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313 (in the Washington metropolitan area); internet <http://www.nap.edu>; and the Board on Physics and Astronomy, National Research council, 500 Fifth Street, N.W., Washington, Dc 20001; internet <http://www.national-academies. org/bpa>. copyright 2007 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America the National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonproit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientiic and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal govern- ment on scientiic and technical matters. Dr. Ralph J. cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences. the National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. it is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. the National Academy of engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Wm. A. Wulf is president of the National Academy of engineering. the Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. the institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the institute of Medicine. the National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to as- sociate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientiic and engineering communities. the council is administered jointly by both Academies and the institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. cicerone and Dr. Wm. A. Wulf are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research council. www.national-academies.org COMMITTEE ON AMO 2010 PHiLiP H. BUcKSBAUM, University of Michigan, Co-chair RoBeRt eiSeNSteiN, Co-chair GoRDoN A. BAYM, University of illinois at Urbana-champaign c. LeWiS cocKe, Kansas State University eRic A. coRNeLL, University of colorado/JiLA e. NoRVAL FoRtSoN, University of Washington KeitH HoDGSoN, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory ANtHoNY M. JoHNSoN, University of Maryland at Baltimore county SteVeN KAHN, Stanford Linear Accelerator center MARK A. KASeVicH, Stanford University WoLFGANG KetteRLe, Massachusetts institute of technology KAte KiRBY, Harvard-Smithsonian center for Astrophysics PieRRe MeYStRe, University of Arizona cHRiStoPHeR MoNRoe, University of Michigan MARGARet M. MURNANe, University of colorado/JiLA WiLLiAM D. PHiLLiPS, National institute of Standards and technology StePHeN t. PRAtt, Argonne National Laboratory K. BiRGittA WHALeY, University of california at Berkeley Consultants to the Committee NeiL cALDeR, Stanford Linear Accelerator center NeAL F. LANe, Rice University Staff DoNALD c. SHAPeRo, Director MicHAeL H. MoLoNeY, Study Director BRiAN D. DeWHURSt, Senior Program Associate PAMeLA A. LeWiS, Program Associate PHiLLiP D. LoNG, Senior Program Assistant VAN AN, Financial Associate v BOARD ON PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY ANNeiLA L. SARGeNt, california institute of technology, Chair MARc A. KAStNeR, Massachusetts institute of technology, Vice-chair JoANNA AiZeNBeRG, Lucent technologies JoNAtHAN A. BAGGeR, Johns Hopkins University JAMeS e. BRAU, University of oregon RoNALD c. DAViDSoN, Princeton University RAYMoND J. FoNcK, University of Wisconsin at Madison ANDReA M. GHeZ, University of california at Los Angeles PeteR F. GReeN, University of Michigan WicK c. HAXtoN, University of Washington FRANceS HeLLMAN, University of california at Berkeley JoSePH HeZiR, eoP Group, inc. eRicH P. iPPeN, Massachusetts institute of technology ALLAN H. MacDoNALD, University of texas at Austin cHRiStoPHeR F. McKee, University of california at Berkeley HoMeR A. NeAL, University of Michigan JoSe N. oNUcHic, University of california at San Diego WiLLiAM D. PHiLLiPS, National institute of Standards and technology tHoMAS N. tHeiS, iBM t.J. Watson Research center c. MeGAN URRY, Yale University Staff DoNALD c. SHAPeRo, Director tiMotHY i. MeYeR, Senior Program oficer MicHAeL H. MoLoNeY, Senior Program oficer RoBeRt L. RieMeR, Senior Program oficer NAtALiA J. MeLceR, Program oficer BRiAN D. DeWHURSt, Senior Program Associate DAViD B. LANG, Research Associate cARYN J. KNUtSeN, Senior Program Assistant PAMeLA A. LeWiS, Program Associate VAN AN, Financial Associate vi Preface this report is an accounting of the AMo 2010 study undertaken by the National Research council (NRc) of the National Academies to assess opportuni- ties in atomic, molecular, and optical (AMo) science and technology over roughly the next decade. the charge for this study was devised by a Board on Physics and Astronomy standing committee, the committee on Atomic, Molecular, and optical Sciences, in consultation with the study’s sponsors, the Department of energy and the National Science Foundation. the committee on AMo 2010, which carried out the study, was asked to assess the state of the ield of AMo science, emphasizing recent accomplishments and identifying new and compelling scientiic questions. the report is a part of the ongoing Physics 2010 decadal survey that is being under- taken by the National Academy’s Board on Physics and Astronomy. the committee that carried out this study and wrote this report is composed of leaders from many different subields within the AMo physics community, as well as prominent scientists from outside the ield. the committee also received valuable advice from consultants Neal Lane, Rice University, and Neil calder, Stan- ford Linear Accelerator center. in addition, the committee received valuable input from the following colleagues: Laura P. Bautz, Nora Berrah, Joshua Bienfang, John Bollinger, Gavin Brennen, Denise caldwell, John cary, Michael casassa, Henry chapman, Michael chapman, charles clark, Paul corkum, Philippe crane, Ro- man czujko, Joseph Dehmer, Brian DeMarco, David DeMille, todd Ditmire, John Doyle, Henry everitt, Aimee Gibbons, Janos Hajdu, Hashima Hassan, Robert R. Jones, chan Joshi, William Kruer, Wim Leemans, Anthony Leggett, Steve Leone, vii viii PReFAce Heather Lewandowski, Jay Lowell, Lute Maleki, Anne Matsuura, Harold Metcalf, Roberta Morris, Gerard Mourou, William ott, Peter Reynolds, eric Rohling, Steve Rolston, Michael Salamon, Howard Schlossberg, Barry Schneider, David Schultz, thomas Stoehlker, David Villeneuve, carl Williams, and Jun Ye. Signiicant effort has been made to solicit community input for this study. this was done via town meetings held at the Annual Meeting of the Division of AMo Physics of the American Physical Society (APS) in Lincoln, Nebraska, in May 2005 and the international Quantum electronics conference (jointly sponsored by the APS Division of Laser Science, the optical Society of America, and the Lasers and electro-optics Society of the institute of electrical and electronics engineers) in May 2005 in Baltimore, Maryland. the committee also solicited input from the community through a public Web site. the comments supplied by the AMo com- munity through this site and at the town meetings were extremely valuable primary input to the committee. the federal agencies that fund AMo research in the United States were also solicited for input, through their direct testimony at open meetings and their writ- ten responses to requests for information on funding patterns and other statistical data. these data are summarized in chapter 8 and in the appendixes to the report. Finally, the committee is grateful to the staff at the White House ofice of Science and technology Policy and the ofice of Management and Budget, as well as staff from committees of the congress concerned with funding legislation, who pro- vided important background on connections between AMo science and national science policy. in November 2005, the NRc released a short interim report from the AMo 2010 committee, which was intended as a preview of this inal document. it sum- marized the key opportunities in forefront AMo science and in closely related critical technologies, and it discussed some of the broad-scale conclusions of the inal report. it also identiied how AMo science supports national R&D priorities. the present report reinforces the preliminary conclusions of the interim report and adds a wealth of detail as well as recommendations. this report relects the committee’s enthusiasm, inspired by the tremendous excitement within the AMo science community about future R&D opportuni- ties. it would not have been written without the extensive and unselish work of the entire committee, its many consultants, and the NRc staff. We thank them all for their efforts. We particularly wish to thank Michael Moloney for his expertise and dedication and Don Shapero for his experience and wisdom in assisting us to produce this report. Philip Bucksbaum Robert eisenstein Co-chair Co-chair Acknowledgment of Reviewers this report has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures ap- proved by the National Research council’s Report Review committee. the purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in making its published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. the review comments and draft manuscript remain conidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We wish to thank the following individuals for their review of this report: Keith Burnett, University of oxford, Alexander Dalgarno, Harvard-Smithsonian center for Astrophysics, David P. DeMille, Yale University, chris H. Greene, University of colorado, William Happer, Princeton University, Wendell t. Hill iii, University of Maryland, tin-Lun Ho, ohio State University, Gerard J. Milburn, University of Queensland, Richart e. Slusher, Lucent technologies, and David J. Wineland, National institute of Standards and technology. Although the reviewers listed above have provided many constructive com- ments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the conclusions or recom- ix x AcKNoWLeDGMeNt oF ReVieWeRS mendations, nor did they see the inal draft of the report before its release. the review of this report was overseen by Daniel Kleppner, Massachusetts institute of technology. Appointed by the National Research council, he was responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this report was carried out in accordance with institutional procedures and that all review comments were care- fully considered. Responsibility for the inal content of this report rests entirely with the authoring committee and the institution.