Contrast in Phonology ≥ Phonology and Phonetics 13 Editor Aditi Lahiri Mouton de Gruyter Berlin · New York Contrast in Phonology Theory, Perception, Acquisition edited by Peter Avery B. Elan Dresher Keren Rice Mouton de Gruyter Berlin · New York MoutondeGruyter(formerlyMouton,TheHague) isaDivisionofWalterdeGruyterGmbH&Co.KG,Berlin. (cid:2)(cid:2)Printedonacid-freepaperwhichfallswithintheguidelines oftheANSItoensurepermanenceanddurability. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Contrast in phonology : theory, perception, acquisition / edited by PeterAvery,B.ElanDresher,KerenRice. p.cm. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN978-3-11-019821-8(hardcover:alk.paper) 1.Grammar,Comparativeandgeneral(cid:2)Phonology,Comparative. 2. Minimal pair (Linguistics) 3. Speech perception. 4. Lan- guage acquisition. I. Avery,Peter. II.Dresher, Elan. III.Rice, Keren,1949(cid:2) P217.52.C66 2008 414(cid:2)dc22 2008031077 BibliographicinformationpublishedbytheDeutscheNationalbibliothek TheDeutscheNationalbibliothekliststhispublicationintheDeutscheNationalbibliografie; detailedbibliographicdataareavailableintheInternetathttp://dnb.d-nb.de. ISBN 978-3-11-019821-8 ISSN 1861-4191 (cid:2) Copyright2008byWalterdeGruyterGmbH&Co.KG,D-10785Berlin. All rights reserved, including those of translation into foreign languages. No part of this bookmaybereproducedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronicormechanical,including photocopy,recording,oranyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem,withoutpermission inwritingfromthepublisher. Coverdesign:ChristopherSchneider,Berlin. Typesetting:OLD-MediaOHG,Neckarsteinach. PrintedinGermany. Table of contents Acknowledgements ........................................ vii List of contributors......................................... ix Introduction .............................................. 1 Peter Avery, B. Elan Dresher, and Keren Rice Theory The contrastive hierarchy in phonology......................... 11 B. Elan Dresher Prophylactic features and implicit contrast ...................... 35 Daniel Currie Hall Contrasts in Japanese: A contribution to feature geometry .......... 55 S.-Y. Kuroda Quasi-phonemic contrast and the fuzzy inventory: Examples from Scottish English........................................... 87 James M. Scobbie and Jane Stuart-Smith Effects of contrast recoverability on the typology of harmony systems 115 Gunnar Ólafur Hansson Perception The impact of allophony versus contrast on speech perception....... 146 Amanda Boomershine, Kathleen Currie Hall, Elizabeth Hume, and Keith Johnson Interplay between perceptual salience and contrast: /h/ perceptibility in Turkish, Arabic, English, and French......................... 173 Jeff Mielke vi Table of contents Self-organization through misperception: Secondary articulation and vowel contrasts in language inventories......................... 193 Alexei Kochetov Acquisition First language (L1) acquisition The role of contrast in the acquisition of phonetic systems .......... 219 Daniel J. Weiss and Jessica Maye How does Place fall into place? The lexicon and emergent constraints in children’s developing phonological grammar .................. 231 Paula Fikkert and Clara Levelt Second language (L2) acquisition Learning to perceive a smaller L2 vowel inventory: An Optimality Theory account ........................................... 271 Paul Boersma and Paola Escudero The effect of perceptual factors in the acquisition of an L2 vowel contrast.................................................. 303 Juli Cebrian Some reflections on abstractness and the shape of inputs: The case of aspiration in English........................................ 323 Heather Goad Language index ........................................... 347 Subject index ............................................. 349 Acknowledgements This volume grows out of a conference on contrast in phonology that was held at the University of Toronto in 2002. The conference was supported through funds from the Social Science and Humanities Research Council of Canada as well as from a grant from the Connaught International Symposium fund at the University of Toronto. We thank those sources for funding the conference. We would also like to take this opportunity to thank those who reviewed abstracts for the conference as well as the participants in the conference for a lively and stimulating event that led to quality papers. We owe a deep debt of thanks to Chiara Frigeni. Chiara served as editorial assistant for this volume. It is through her persistence and perseverance that the book is now done. Many thanks, Chiara. Contributors Peter Avery York University, Canada Paul Boersma University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands Amanda Boomershine University of North Carolina Wilmington, USA Juli Cebrian Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain B. Elan Dresher University of Toronto, Canada Paola Escudero University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands Paula Fikkert Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands Heather Goad McGill University, Canada Daniel Currie Hall University of Toronto, Canada Kathleen Currie Hall The Ohio State University, USA Gunnar Ólafur Hansson University of British Columbia, Canada Elizabeth Hume The Ohio State University, USA Keith Johnson University of California at Berkeley, USA Alexei Kochetov University of Toronto, Canada S.-Y. Kuroda University of California, San Diego, USA Clara Levelt Leiden University, Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, The Netherlands Jessica Maye Northwestern University and the Northwestern Institute on Complex Systems, USA Jeff Mielke University of Ottawa, Canada Keren Rice University of Toronto, Canada James M. Scobbie Queen Margaret University, Scotland, UK Jane Stuart-Smith University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK Daniel J. Weiss Pennsylvania State University, USA