Contradictions of Neoliberal Planning The GeoJournal Library Volume 102 ManagingEditor: DanielZ.Sui,CollegeStation,USA FoundingSeriesEditor: WolfTietze,Helmstedt,Germany EditorialBoard:PaulClaval,France YehudaGradus,Israel SamOckPark,SouthKorea HermanvanderWusten,TheNetherlands Forfurthervolumes: http://www.springer.com/series/6007 · Tuna Tas¸an-Kok Guy Baeten Editors Contradictions of Neoliberal Planning Cities, Policies, and Politics 123 Editors Dr.TunaTas¸an-Kok Dr.GuyBaeten DepartmentofCityandRegionalPlanning UniversityofLund MiddleEastTechnicalUniversity DepartmentofSocial&Economic Ankara Geography Turkey Sölvegatan12 22362Lund OTBResearchInstitutefortheBuilt Sweden Environment [email protected] DelftUniversityofTechnology Jaffalaan9,2628BX Delft TheNetherlands [email protected] ISSN0924-5499 ISBN978-90-481-8923-6 e-ISBN978-90-481-8924-3 DOI10.1007/978-90-481-8924-3 SpringerDordrechtHeidelbergLondonNewYork LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2011937374 ©SpringerScience+BusinessMediaB.V.2012 Nopartofthisworkmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinanyformorby anymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,microfilming,recordingorotherwise,withoutwritten permissionfromthePublisher,withtheexceptionofanymaterialsuppliedspecificallyforthepurpose ofbeingenteredandexecutedonacomputersystem,forexclusiveusebythepurchaserofthework. Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) KopvanZuid(Rotterdam):AproductofNeoliberalplanning Preface Theideaforthisbookonthecontradictionsofneoliberalplanningfirstcameabout inApril2008whiletheeditorswererelaxingonasunnyterraceonMassachusetts Avenue in Boston at the culmination of a long and successful Association of American Geographers (AAG) session that they had organised. The credit crunch hadnotyetbecomeamajortopicofdiscussion,althoughthefirstsignsoftheloom- ingcrisishadbeenbroughtupduringthesession.Later,whilesittingonthelawnof thebeautiful,sunnygardenoftheAAGvenueinWashingtonDCanddiscussingthe finalarrangementsforthisbookinApril2010,thedevastatingconsequencesofthe creditcrunchhadbecomeclearlyvisibleandwerethesubjectofvariousconference sessions, meaning that while writing and editing this book we were experiencing first hand just how the contradictions of neoliberalism could affect our cities and lives. Thefinancialcrisisanditsimpactoncitiesandurbanplanningmaynotfeature prominentlyinthisbook,butweneverthelesshopetoopenupunexploredconcep- tual grounds by explicitly bringing together ‘neoliberalism’ and ‘planning’ to fill a major gap in planning theory. Our primary focus is to underline the contradic- tions created by the forces of neoliberal policies in planning theory and practice. Howdoesplanninginwell-establishedwelfaresocietiesdealwithneoliberalisation processes? To what extent does that eat into the provision of welfare? What is the stakeofthestateinplanninginaneoliberalisingworld?Towhatextentandinwhat ways do transnational organisations take over in local planning processes? What alternativesdosocialmovementsprovideforthe‘self-help’society?Howdoespri- vatisationaffectoureverydaylives,andwhatenvironmentalrisksdoesitgenerate? In what ways do property-led planning practices clash with public interest? How andwhyhasneoliberalismdiffusedacrosstheglobe,asiftherewerenoalternative? Bringingtogetherawidevarietyofcasestudies,thebookaimstoprovide(partial) answers to these questions, with a focus on the contradictions stemming from the neoliberalisation of urban development. It is hoped that this will be a first step in layingbaretherealitiesof‘neoliberalplanning’. As Friedrich Hayek once remarked, the world will be changed by second-hand dealersinideas.Wededicatethisbooktothenew,open-mindedgenerationofplan- ners,whowillhopefullyprovideuswithalternatives;andwelookforwardtofuture AAGsessionsnowthattheyhavemovedbeyondthe(crucial)phaseofmerecritique vii viii Preface and can now focus on dreaming up new, powerful planning frameworks that will contributetomorejusticeinthecity. Ourthanksgointhefirstplacetotheauthorsofthisbookfortheirvaluablecon- tributionsandpatiencethroughoutthelengthypublishingprocess;andwealsooffer ourgratitudetoEvelienBakkerandBernadetteDeelen-Mans,bothatSpringer,for theircontinuedsupportandpatienceinthisproject;toProf.Dr.AydaEraydınand Prof.Dr.˙IlhanTekeli,andProf.Dr.SezaiGöksufortheirkindhelpandsuggestions; andtoNancyvanWeesep,ColinSutcliffe,andÇig˘demÖzonatandDenizAltayfor theireditorialsupport.WewouldalsoliketothankTheSwedishResearchCouncil for Environment, Agricultural Sciences and Spatial Planning, and OTB Research InstitutefortheBuiltEnvironment(TUDelft)forco-financingthisbook,andtothe participantsatour2008AAGsessioninBostonforinspiringandmotivatingusto publishit. Ankara,Turkey TunaTas¸an-Kok Malmö,Sweden GuyBaeten April2011 Contents 1 Introduction:ContradictionsofNeoliberalUrbanPlanning . . . . 1 TunaTas¸an-Kok 2 NormalisingNeoliberalPlanning:TheCaseofMalmö,Sweden . . 21 GuyBaeten 3 Neoliberal Urban Policy, Aspirational Citizenship andtheUsesofCulturalDistinction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 MikeRaco 4 Contradictions in the Neoliberal Policy Instruments: WhatIstheStanceoftheState? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 AydaEraydın 5 Transnational Neoliberalisation and the Role ofSupranationalTradeAgreementsinLocalUrbanPolicy Implementation:TheCaseoftheEuropeanUnion . . . . . . . . . 79 TunaTas¸an-KokandWillemKorthalsAltes 6 NeoliberalUrbanMovements?:AGeographyofConflict andMobilisationoverUrbanRenaissanceinAntwerp,Belgium . . 99 MaartenLoopmansandToonDirckx 7 Social Entrepreneurship in Urban Planning andDevelopmentinMontreal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 BarbaravanDyck 8 Washing Their Hands of It? Auckland Cities’ Risk ManagementofFormerlyHorticulturalLandasNeoliberal Responsibilisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 CameronSmithandBradCoombes 9 Accumulation by Dispossession and Neoliberal Urban Planning:‘Landing’theMega-ProjectsinTaipei . . . . . . . . . . 151 Sue-ChingJou,AndersLundHansen,andHsin-LingWu ix x Contents 10 Neoliberalism, Shallow Dreaming and the Unyielding ApartheidCity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 MarkOranje 11 NeoliberalPlanning:DoesItReallyExist? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 GuyBaeten Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213