Established in 1972, the Institute of the Malay World and Civilization, also known by its Malay acronym ATMA, of Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), is the only full-fledged academic research institute in Malaysia that concentrates on the study of the “Malay World”, the vast maritime-riverine complex of Southeast Asian Studies. The research activities are conducted through an application of the three major academic orientations, namely, disciplinary (sociology, economics, history, etc.), thematic (development studies, communication studies, gender studies, etc.) and area studies (Malay studies, Chinese studies, European studies, etc.) Research is the Institute’s core activity around which other activities are built and generated, organized around five major areas of interest related to the Malay World, namely, (i) theory construction, (ii) language, (iii) literature, (iv) culture, and (v) education. For each area, a senior scholar is designated as the lead scholar- cum-coordinator for all research and related-activities, including securing research funds. ATMA has since 1983 published its journal, SARI, which is now available online. In 1999, ATMA constructed a portal on Malay World Studies accessible at www.malaycivilization.com. The Institute of Southeast Asian Studies (ISEAS) was established as an autonomous organization in 1968. It is a regional research centre dedicated to the study of socio- political, security and economic trends and developments in Southeast Asia and its wider geostrategic and economic environment. The Institute’s research programmes are the Regional Economic Studies (RES, including ASEAN and APEC), Regional Strategic and Political Studies (RSPS), and Regional Social and Cultural Studies (RSCS). ISEAS Publishing, an established academic press, has issued more than 2,000 books and journals. It is the largest scholarly publisher of research about Southeast Asia from within the region. ISEAS Publishing works with many other academic and trade publishers and distributors to disseminate important research and analyses from and about Southeast Asia to the rest of the world. ii 00 C_C&Ocean Prelims 2 4/23/07, 11:28 AM First published in Singapore in 2007 by Institute of Southeast Asian Studies (ISEAS) 30 Heng Mui Keng Terrace Pasir Panjang Singapore 119614 E-mail: [email protected] Website: <http://bookshop.iseas.edu.sg> jointly with Institute of the Malay World and Civilization (ATMA) Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia 43600 Bangi Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia E-mail: [email protected] All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. © 2007 Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore The responsibility for facts and opinions in this publication rests exclusively with the authors and their interpretations do not necessarily reflect the views or the policy of the publisher or its supporters. ISEAS Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Continent, coast, ocean : dynamics of regionalism in Eastern Asia / edited by Ooi Kee Beng and Ding Choo Ming. 1. Regionalism—East Asia. 2. Asian cooperation. 3. East Asia—Foreign relations. 4. East Asia—Economic integration. I. Ooi Kee Beng, 1955– II. Ding Choo Ming. II. Title: Regionalism in Eastern Asia DS33.3 C76 2007 ISBN 978-981-230-447-6 (soft cover) ISBN 978-981-230-448-3 (hard cover) ISBN 978-981-230-455-1 (PDF) Typeset by Superskill Graphics Pte Ltd Printed in Singapore by iv 00 C_C&Ocean Prelims 4 4/23/07, 11:28 AM CONTENTS Foreword by Shamsul A.B. vii The Contributors ix INTRODUCTION: Historical Conditions of Regionalism in Eastern Asia Ooi Kee Beng and Ding Choo Ming xiii PART ONE: PUTTING JAPANESE IMPERIAL HISTORY TO REST 1 The Success of Japan’s Multi-Directional Diplomacy in Modern Times 3 Hsu Chieh-Lin 2 War Memories and Japan’s Relations with East Asian Countries 27 Arujunan Narayanan PART TWO: THE ECONOMICS OF REGIONAL INTEGRATION 3 Myths and Miracles of Economic Development in East Asia: Policy Lessons for Malaysia in the Twenty-first Century 59 Tham Siew-Yean 4 Towards a New Paradigm in East Asian Economic Studies 84 Chen Yu-Hsi v 00 C_C&Ocean Prelims 5 4/23/07, 11:28 AM vi Contents PART THREE: INTER-REGIONALISM AND REGIONALISM 5 Alliance and Arms: A Study of the Change in U.S. Arms Transfer to East Asian Allies, 1950–2001 105 Sun Yi-ching 6 A Multicultural European Union and Its Implications for Asia 131 Klaus C. Hsu 7 The Future Prospects of Multilateralism in Southeast and East Asia 139 N. Ganesan 8 The Historical and Cultural Legacy of Relations between Southeast Asia and East Asia, with Special Reference to Malaysia 156 Khoo Kay Kim PART FOUR: NEW KNOWLEDGE, NEW PROBLEMS, NEW SOLUTIONS 9 Reinventing Traditional Values for Our Future: A Malaysian Organizational Response 173 Shamsul A.B. 10 The Dynamic Growth Order in East and Southeast Asia: Strategic Challenges and Prospects in the Post-9/11 Era 188 K.S. Nathan 11 Islam in Asia: The Way Ahead 207 Mohamad Abu Bakar Index 217 vi 00 C_C&Ocean Prelims 6 4/23/07, 11:28 AM FOREWORD Shamsul A.B. The Institute of the Malay World and Civilization (ATMA), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, had since April 2000 been holding a series of international conferences involving more than 100 scholars from Southeast Asia and the rest of the world on the theme “The construction of knowledge about the Malay world by Others”. They amount to an effort to understand in a systematic manner the Malay world as an analytical abstraction, a body of knowledge, and, more importantly, as a region that had actually mattered greatly to the rest of the world for more than a thousand years. In other words, ATMA has been developing from its own perspective a notion of “regionalism” that is arguably quite different from those articulated by scholars in the fields of international politics and economics. ATMA’s notion of regionalism is informed by the broad sweep of socio-historical analysis introduced by The Annales School in France, with the late Fernand Braudel as its main contributor. It must be mentioned that the terms “Others” used in the said ATMA conferences refers to mainly non-English speakers and writers. This angle has been chosen because scholars and researchers in the Malay world, especially in Malaysia, have traditionally been too dependent on English sources when they construct/reconstruct and write/rewrite our history and have had very little input from Indian, Chinese, Arab, Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch, Japanese, French, German, and Nordic sources. Therefore, the series of conferences provides us with a golden opportunity to learn at first hand what others, especially non-English speakers, outside the Malay world have to say about the region and its civilizations in the reports, records and writings of travellers, missionaries, sailors, merchants, scientists, scholars, administrators, and the like who visited or stayed in the Malay world. The overall result has been an exhilarating one for ATMA, to say the least. vii 00 C_C&Ocean Prelims 7 4/23/07, 11:28 AM viii Foreword We held two conferences involving the Chinese contribution, with participants both from the People’s Republic of China (PRC) and the expansive global Chinese diaspora: first, on “Chinese scholarship and the Malay world”, held in mid-September 2002 (published as Chinese Studies of the Malay World) and, second, on “Building on Our Past and Investing in Our Future: An International Seminar on Multidisciplinary Discourse” held on 16–17 February 2004. This book is the product of the second conference, which was a pioneering attempt by ATMA to deal with matters beyond the field of Malay world studies but not unrelated to it. It was also a chance to bring together scholars not only from the field of Malay world studies but also international politics and economics to brainstorm on whether the notion of regionalism could be expanded beyond the current interests of political analysts and economic advisers. I think this we managed to do very well. The chapters in this book are a record of our endeavour, and in the end, it is the reader who must decide on the level of success achieved. Professor Shamsul A.B. Director, ATMA, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Bangi, 10 January 2007 viii 00 C_C&Ocean Prelims 8 4/23/07, 11:28 AM THE CONTRIBUTORS Arujunan Narayanan is a Lecturer attached to the Programme of Strategic and International Relations, Department of Political Science, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. He received his Ph.D. from the Law Department, University of Wales, Aberystwyth (UK) in 2000. His research interests include military history, war crimes, human rights, international law as well as ethics and morality. His major publications include “Japanese War Crimes and Allied War Crime Trials in Borneo during World War II” (2003), and “Japanese Atrocities and British War Crimes Trials in Malacca after World War II” in Strategy: Journal of Strategic Studies and International Relations (2003). Chen Yu-Hsi is a Professor at the Department of Religious Studies. Fu Guang University, Taiwan. His research interests include political economy, international political economy, psychology of religion. Ding Choo Ming is Senior Research Fellow at the Institute of the Malay World and Civilization, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. Besides extensively publishing articles on information retrieval, Malay literature and Malay manuscripts in journals, he has written many books including Raja Aisyah Sulaiman: Pengarang Ulung Wanita Melayu (2000) and Kajian Manuskrip Melayu: Masalah, Kritikan dan Cadangan (2003). He is also a key member of the term developing the portal on Malay World Studies available at <www.malaycivilization.com> and <www.atma.ukm.my>. Hsu Chieh-Lin is a Professor at the Department of Political Science, Fu Guang University, Taiwan. His research interests are Japanese Politics and Policy, Sino-Japanese Relationship, Modern Political History of Taiwan. ix 00 C_C&Ocean Prelims 9 4/23/07, 11:28 AM x The Contributors K. S. Nathan is Senior Fellow at the Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore. He obtained his Ph.D. in International Relations from Claremont Graduate University in California, USA in 1975. His teaching, research and publications concern big power relations in the Asian-Pacific region, ASEAN regionalism, and Malaysian politics, security and foreign policy. His publications include India and ASEAN: the Growing Partnership for the 21st Century (2000), The European Union, United States and ASEAN: Challenges and Prospects for Cooperative Engagement in the 21st Century (2002). Khoo Kay Kim is Professor Emeritus, Department of History, Faculty of Arts and Social Science, University of Malaya. His research interests are in Malaysian history and politics. To date, he has published 15 books including Seeking Alternative Perspectives of Southeast Asia and the Malay-Muslim Community of Singapore (1819–1965). Klaus C. Hsu is Professor at the Department of Political Science, Fu Guang University, His research interests include comparative politics, public administration and policy, and European governments. His books include Political Relationship between Taiwan and European Countries (1980); The Vocational Schooling of the Secondary Level II of the Federal Republic of Germany (1981); Vocational Training Law of the Republic of Austria (1991, translated from the German), and The Governments and Politics of European Countries (1997). Mohamad Abu Bakar is Professor at the Department of International and Strategic Studies, Faculty of Art and Social Studies, University of Malaya. He lectures and researches on contemporary Islam, Malaysian foreign policy, Malay politics and the philosophy of history. Some of his writings have been translated into Indonesian, Japanese, Spanish and Tagalog. His works on Islam include a book in Malay, Penghayatan Sebuah Ideal (1987), and his articles include “Islam, Civil and Society and Ethnic Relations in Malaysia” in Islam and Civil Society in Southeast Asia, edited by Nakamura et al. Singapore: ISEAS, 2001, “Contemporary Islam Challenges of Continuity”, to appear in Asian Islam in the 21st Century, edited by John Esposito. Narayanan Ganesan, is Professor of Southeast Asian Politics at the Hiroshima Peace Institute, Hiroshima City University, Japan. He lectures and researches on peace and security as well as contemporary politics and foreign policy in Southeast Asia. He earned his Ph.D. from Northern Illinois University. In x 00 C_C&Ocean Prelims 10 4/23/07, 11:28 AM