CONTENT NETWORKING IN THE MOBILE INTERNET CONTENT NETWORKING IN THE MOBILE INTERNET Edited by SUDHIR DIXIT and TAO WU Nokia Research Center A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION Copyright#2004byJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.Allrightsreserved. PublishedbyJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,Hoboken,NewJersey. PublishedsimultaneouslyinCanada. Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinanyformor byanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,scanning,orotherwise,exceptas permittedunderSection107or108ofthe1976UnitedStatesCopyrightAct,withouteithertheprior writtenpermissionofthePublisher,orauthorizationthroughpaymentoftheappropriateper-copyfee totheCopyrightClearanceCenter,Inc.,222RosewoodDrive,Danvers,MA01923,978-750-8400, fax978-646-8600,oronthewebatwww.copyright.com.RequeststothePublisherforpermission shouldbeaddressedtothePermissionsDepartment,JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,111RiverStreet, Hoboken,NJ07030,(201)748-6011,fax(201)748-6008. 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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData: Dixit,Sudhir. ContentnetworkinginthemobileInternet/SudhirDixit&TaoWu. p. cm. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN0-471-46618-2(Cloth) 1.WirelessInternet.2.Computernetworks.I.Wu,Tao,1971–.II. Title. TK5103.4885D582004 004.6708--dc22 2003025148 PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 To my in-laws, Shri S. D. Shukla and Smt. M. D. Shukla —SUDHIR DIXIT To mywife Lingxuan,parents Huile Wu and Zuwu Zhang, brother Jiang, and sister Hong —TAO WU CONTRIBUTORS JANNEAALTONEN, NokiaVenturesOrganization,Joukahaisenkatu1,20520Turku, Finland MITRI ABOU-RIZK, Nokia Research Center, 5 Wayside Road, Burlington, MA 01803 ATUL ADYA, Microsoft Research,One Microsoft Way, Redmond,WA 98052 SADHNA AHUJA, NokiaResearchCenter,5WaysideRoad,Burlington,MA01803 PARAMVIR BAHL, MicrosoftResearch,OneMicrosoftWay,Redmond,WA98052 DAVID BANJO, Nokia Networks, FIN-00045 Nokia Group, Helsinki, Finland STEPHANE COULOMBE, Nokia Research Center, 6000 Connection Drive, Irving, TX 75039 SUDHIR DIXIT, Nokia ResearchCenter,5 Wayside Road, Burlington, MA 01803 XIA GAO, DoCoMo USA Labs, 181MetroDrive,Suite300, San Jose, CA 95110 GUIDOGRASSEL, NokiaResearchCenter,Ita¨merenkatu11-13,FIN-0045,Helsinki, Finland HARRI HOLMA, Nokia Networks, FIN-00045 Nokia Group, Espoo, Finland OSAKARI KOSKIMIES, Nokia Research Center, Ita¨merenkatu 11-13, FIN-0045, Helsinki, Finland DEEPA KUNDUR, Department of Electrical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 DAN LI, Cisco Systems,1322 Nelson Way, Sunnyvale, CA94087 vii viii CONTRIBUTORS CHING-YUNG LIN, IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, 19 Skyline Drive, Hawthorne, NY10532 MICHAEL MAHAN, Nokia Research Center, 5 Wayside Road, Burlington, MA 01803 MUHAMMAD MUKARRAM BIN TARIQ, DoCoMo Communication Laboratories USA, Inc., 181 Metro Drive, Suite 300, San Jose, CA 95110 LILI QIU, Microsoft Research, One Microsoft Way, Redmond,WA 98052 GANESH SIVARAMAN, Nokia Research Center,FIN-33721, Helsinki,Finland KEISUKE SUWA, Musashi Institute ofTechnology, Japan ANTTI TOSKALA, Nokia Networks, FIN-0045 Nokia Group, Espoo, Finland ANTII-PENTTI VAINIO, Nokia Research Center,FIN-33721, Tampere, Finland SANJEEVVERMA, NokiaResearchCenter,5WaysideRoad,Burlington,MA01803 ROD WALSH, Nokia Research Center, FIN-33721, Tampere,Finland GANG WU, DoCoMoUSALabs,181MetroDrive,Suite300,SanJose,CA95110 TAO WU, Nokia Research Center, 5 Wayside Road,Burlington, MA 01803 TAKESHI YOSHIMURA, MultimediaLaboratories,NTTDoCoMo,Inc.,3-5,Hikari- no-oka, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, 239-8536,Japan HEATHER YU, Panasonic Information & Networking Technologies Laboratory, 2Research Way, Princeton, NJ 08540 CONTENTS PREFACE xxv ACRONYMS xxvii 1 CONTENT NETWORKING IN THE MOBILE INTERNET 1 SudhirDixitandTaoWu 1.1 Introduction / 1 1.2 ContentNetworking inthe Mobile Internet / 2 1.3 Book Overview / 4 1.3.1 Chapter 2:Mobile Internet ArchitectureOverview / 4 1.3.2 Chapter 3:Protocols for the Web and the Mobile Internet / 5 1.3.3 Chapter 4:ContentCaching andMulticast / 5 1.3.4 Chapter 5:Characterizing Web Workload of Mobile Clients / 5 1.3.5 Chapter 6:ACME: A New Mobile Content Delivery Architecture / 5 1.3.6 Chapter 7:ContentAdaptation for the Mobile Internet / 6 1.3.7 Chapter 8:ContentSynchronization / 6 1.3.8 Chapter 9:Multimedia StreaminginMobile Wireless Networks / 6 1.3.9 Chapter 10:Multicast ContentDelivery for Mobiles / 6 x CONTENTS 1.3.10 Chapter11:Security and Digital Rights Management for Mobile Content / 7 1.3.11 Chapter12:Charging for Mobile Content / 7 1.3.12 Chapter13:Algorithms and Infrastructures for Location-BasedServices / 7 1.3.13 Chapter14:Fixed andMobile Web Services / 8 1.4 Concluding Remarks / 8 2 MOBILE INTERNET ARCHITECTURE OVERVIEW 9 HarriHolmaandAnttiToskala 2.1 Introduction / 9 2.2 Standardization Framework / 10 2.3 System Architectureand Core Network / 11 2.4 WCDMA Radio Access Network / 13 2.4.1 WCDMARadio Access NetworkArchitecture / 13 2.4.2 WCDMALayer 2/3 Architecture and Principles / 14 2.4.3 WCDMAPhysical Layer / 18 2.4.4 WCDMAbeyond 2Mbps with HSDPA / 20 2.4.5 Evolution ofWCDMA / 21 2.4.5.1 Enhanced UplinkDedicated Channel / 22 2.4.5.2 New Frequency Variants ofWCDMA / 23 2.4.5.3 Advanced Antenna Technologies / 23 2.4.5.4 Multimedia Broadcast and Multicast Service / 24 2.5 GSM/GPRS/EDGE / 24 2.5.1 GSM Principle / 24 2.5.2 GSM RadioAccess NetworkArchitecture / 26 2.5.3 GSM ServiceCreation Principle / 26 2.6 IS-95 Radio Access / 27 2.7 GSM/EDGE andWCDMA Operator Performance / 29 2.8 GSM/EDGE andWCDMA End-User Performance / 31 References / 33 3 PROTOCOLS FOR THE WEB AND THE MOBILE INTERNET 35 MitriAbou-Rizk 3.1 Introduction / 35 3.2 History ofthe World WideWeb / 35 CONTENTS xi 3.3 TheWeb Today / 37 3.4 TheFutureWeb / 37 3.5 HyperText Transfer Protocol / 38 3.5.1 Definition andGeneral Operation / 38 3.5.2 HTTP Evolution / 39 3.5.2.1 HTTP/0.9 / 40 3.5.2.2 HTTP/1.0 / 41 3.5.3 HTTP/1.1 / 44 3.5.3.1 Formats ofthe Requestand Response Messages for HTTP/1.1 / 45 3.5.3.2 New RequestMethods and Definitions / 45 3.5.3.3 Persistent Connections / 46 3.5.3.4 Chunked Encoding / 47 3.5.3.5 ContentNegotiations / 47 3.5.3.6 Byte-Range Operation / 48 3.5.3.7 Authentication / 48 3.5.3.8 Caching / 48 3.5.3.9 Headers / 50 3.5.4 Conclusion / 66 3.6 Wireless Access Protocol (WAP) / 66 3.6.1 Introduction / 66 3.6.2 WAP Evolution / 66 3.6.2.1 WAP 1.0Architecture / 67 3.6.2.2 WAP 1.0Components / 69 3.6.3 WAP 2.0 / 78 3.6.3.1 Introduction / 78 3.6.3.2 WAP 2.0Architectureand Overview / 78 3.6.3.3 WAP 2.xComponents / 80 3.6.4 Future ofWAP / 83 References / 84 4 CONTENT CACHING AND MULTICAST 87 DanLi 4.1 Web-Based Applications / 87 4.1.1 InformationDissemination / 87 4.1.1.1 Static Content / 88 4.1.1.2 Dynamic Content / 88 4.1.1.3 StreamingMedia / 89 xii CONTENTS 4.1.2 Information Exchange / 90 4.2 ScalableContentDelivery via Multicast andCaching / 91 4.3 IPMulticast andReliable Multicast / 93 4.3.1 Challenges Facing ReliableMulticast / 94 4.3.2 NAK-Based Recovery / 95 4.3.3 Distributed Recovery / 95 4.3.4 Router-Assisted Recovery / 98 4.3.5 FEC-Based Recovery / 100 4.3.6 State ofthe Art / 102 4.4 ApplicationLayer Multicast / 103 4.4.1 Rationalefor Application Layer Multicast / 104 4.4.2 Why We Still Need IP Multicast / 108 4.4.3 Functions ofApplication Layer Multicast / 110 4.4.4 Building the DistributionTree / 112 4.4.5 State ofthe Art / 116 4.5 Web Proxy Caching / 117 4.5.1 Basics of ProxyCaching / 117 4.5.2 ContentDelivery / 118 4.5.3 Cache Consistency / 120 4.5.4 Cache Cooperation / 122 4.5.5 Limitations ofPreviousWork / 125 4.6 Summary / 126 References / 127 5 CHARACTERIZING WEB WORKLOAD OF MOBILE CLIENTS 135 AtulAdya,ParamvirBahl,andLiliQiu 5.1 Overview ofWeb WorkloadCharacterization / 136 5.1.1 Motivation for Workload Characterization / 136 5.1.2 Types ofAnalysis / 137 5.2 Overview ofPrevious Work / 137 5.2.1 Wireline User Workload Characterization / 137 5.2.1.1 ContentAnalysis / 138 5.2.1.2 User Behavior Analysis / 139 5.2.1.3 System LoadAnalysis / 140 5.2.2 Wireless User Workload Characterization / 140 5.2.2.1 Analysis ofWAP Traffic atBell Mobility’s PCS / 141