Yaqub000.fm 12/10/03 9:21 AM Page i containing arab nationalism Yaqub000.fm 12/10/03 9:21 AM Page ii the new cold war history john lewis gaddis, editor Yaqub000.fm 12/10/03 9:21 AM Page iii c o n t a i n i n g AR AB n a t i o n a l i s m the eisenhower doctrine and the middle east Salim Yaqub the universityof north carolina press | chapel hill and london Yaqub000.fm 12/10/03 9:21 AM Page iv ©2004 The University of North Carolina Press All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America Designed by April Leidig-Higgins Set in Monotype Garamond by Copperline Book Services Some material in the book is drawn from Salim Yaqub, “Imperious Doctrines:U.S.-Arab Relations from Dwight D.Eisenhower to George W.Bush,”Diplomatic History26,no.4 (Fall 2002):571–91;used here by permission of Blackwell Publishing. The paper in this book meets the guidelines for permanence and durability of the Committee on Production Guidelines for Book Longevity of the Council on Library Resources. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Yaqub,Salim. Containing Arab nationalism:the Eisenhower Doctrine and the Middle East / Salim Yaqub. p.cm.—(The new Cold War history) Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn0-8078-2834-3 (cloth:alk.paper) isbn0-8078-5508-1 (pbk.:alk.paper) 1.Middle East—Foreign relations—United States. 2.United States—Foreign relations—Middle East. 3.United States— Foreign relations—1953–1961. 4.Arab nationalism. I.Title. II.Series. ds63.2.u5 y37 2004 327.73017'4927'09045—dc22 2003017879 cloth 08 07 06 05 04 5 4 3 2 1 paper 08 07 06 05 04 5 4 3 2 1 Yaqub000.fm 12/10/03 9:21 AM Page v To Fawzi Yaqub, Penny Williams Yaqub, and the memory of Dorothy Seibert Yaqub Yaqub000.fm 12/10/03 9:21 AM Page vi Yaqub000.fm 12/10/03 9:21 AM Page vii contents Abbreviations xi Introduction 1 1 The United States and the Arab Middle East,1941–1956 23 2 Birth of a Doctrine, November 1956–January 1957 57 3 Launching the Doctrine, January–April 1957 87 4 The Conservative Moment, March–June 1957 119 5 The Syrian Crisis, July–December 1957 147 Yaqub000.fm 12/10/03 9:21 AM Page viii 6 The Nasserist Onslaught, January–April 1958 181 7 The Lebanese Crisis, April–July 1958 205 8 Death of a Doctrine, July 1958–December 1960 237 Epilogue 269 Notes 277 Bibliography 347 Acknowledgments 361 Index 365 viii contents Yaqub000.fm 12/10/03 9:21 AM Page ix illustrations and maps illustrations Cartoonist Herblock questions the Arabs’receptivity to the Eisenhower Doctrine 6 Arab summit meeting in Beirut 36 President Nasser returns to Cairo 48 A child amid ruins of Port Said 54 Lebanese cartoon spoofs Washington’s notion of a vacuum in the Middle East 84 President Eisenhower unveils the Eisenhower Doctrine 89 Eisenhower hosts a state visit by King Saud 104 King Saud meets with Crown Prince ‘Abd al-Ilah 105 The Americans and the British mend fences in Bermuda 114 James P.Richards meets with Eisenhower and Dulles 120 King Hussein in his new Mercedes-Benz 139 Egyptian cartoon derides King Hussein 141 Cartoonist Herblock ridicules Arab reverence for Soviet achievements in rocket science 171 Crowds in Cairo cheer Shukri al-Quwatli and Nasser 187 The first U.S.marines arrive in Lebanon 229 Yaqub000.fm 12/10/03 9:21 AM Page x Iraq’s new leaders 258 Eisenhower and Nasser meet in New York 266 maps 1.The Middle East in the late 1950s xii 2.The Sinai Peninsula and the Gulf of Aqaba 107 x illustrations and maps