constitution makers on constitution making Constitution making is a major event in the life of a country, with constitutions often acting as a catalyst for social and political transformation. But what determines the visions,aspirationsandcompromises thatgointo awrittenconstitution?Inthis unique volume, constitution makers from countries around the world come together to offer their insights. Using a collection of case studies from countries with recently written constitutions, Constitution Makers on Constitution Making provides a common frame- worktoexplainhowconstitutionsarecreated.Scholarsandpractitionersveryclosetothe processilluminatecriticalinsightsintohowparticipantsseeconstitutionaloptions,how deadlocksarebrokenandhowchangesareachieved.Thisvitalvolumealsodrawslessons concerning the role of courts in policing the process, the involvement of international actorsandtheparticipationofthepublic. tom ginsburg is the Leo Spitz Professor of International Law at the University of Chicago,wherehealsoholdsanappointmentinthePoliticalScienceDepartment.His booksincludeDemocraciesandInternationalLaw(2021);HowtoSaveaConstitutional Democracy (2018, with Aziz Z. Huq); Judicial Reputation (2015, with Nuno Garoupa); The Endurance of National Constitutions (2009, with Zachary Elkins and James Melton);JudicialReviewinNewDemocracies(2003),andover20editedvolumes. sumit bisarya is Head of the Constitution Building Process Programme at the International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (IDEA). Previously he wastheSeniorConstitutionsAdvisorwiththeUnitedNationsDepartmentforPolitical and Peacebuilding Affairs. He has over a decade of experience in providing consti- tutionalassistanceinoverfifteencountriesaroundtheworld. Published online by Cambridge University Press COMPARATIVE CONSTITUTIONAL LAW AND POLICY SeriesEditors TomGinsburgUniversityofChicago ZacharyElkinsUniversityofTexasatAustin RanHirschlUniversityofTexasatAustin Comparative constitutional law is an intellectually vibrant field that encompasses an increasinglybroadarrayofapproachesandmethodologies.Thisseriescollectsanalytic- ally innovative and empirically grounded work from scholars of comparative constitu- tionalismacrossacademicdisciplines.Booksintheseriesincludetheoreticallyinformed studies of single constitutional jurisdictions, comparative studies of constitutional law and institutions, and edited collections of original essays that respond to challenging theoreticalandempiricalquestionsinthefield. BooksintheSeries DemocracyUnderGod:Constitutions,IslamandHumanRightsintheMuslimWorld DawoodAhmedandMuhammadZubairAbbasi BuddhismandComparativeConstitutionalLaw EditedbyTomGinsburgandBenSchonthal AmendingAmerica’sUnwrittenConstitution EditedbyRichardAlbert,RyanC.WilliamsandYani ConstitutionalismandaRighttoEffectiveGovernment? EditedbyVickiC.JacksonandYasminDawood TheFalloftheArabSpring:Democracy’sChallengesandEffortstoReconstitutethe MiddleEast TofighMaboudi FilteringPopulistClaimstoFightPopulism:TheItalianCaseinaComparative Perspective GiuseppeMartinico ConstitutionalisminContext DavidS.Law TheNewFourthBranch:InstitutionsforProtectingConstitutionalDemocracy MarkTushnet TheVeilofParticipation:CitizensandPoliticalPartiesinConstitution-MakingProcesses AlexanderHudson Published online by Cambridge University Press ToweringJudges:AComparativeStudyofConstitutionalJudges EditedbyRehanAbeyratneandIddoPorat TheConstitutionofArbitration VictorFerreresComella RedraftingConstitutionsinDemocraticOrders:TheoreticalandComparativePerspectives EditedbyGabrielL.Negretto FromParchmenttoPractice:ImplementingNewConstitutions EditedbyTomGinsburgandAzizZ.Huq TheFailureofPopularConstitutionMakinginTurkey:RegressingTowards ConstitutionalAutocracy EditedbyFelixPetersenandZeynepYanas¸mayan AQualifiedHope:TheIndianSupremeCourtandProgressiveSocialChange EditedbyGeraldN.Rosenberg,SudhirKrishnaswamy,andShishirBail ReconstructingRights:Courts,Parties,andEqualityRightsinIndia,SouthAfrica,and theUnitedStates StephanStohler ConstitutionsinTimesofFinancialCrisis EditedbyTomGinsburg,MarkD.Rosen,andGeorgVanberg HybridConstitutionalism:ThePoliticsofConstitutionalReviewintheChineseSpecial AdministrativeRegions EricC.Ip Constitution-MakingandTransnationalLegalOrder EditedbyTomGinsburg,TerenceC.Halliday,andGregoryShaffer TheInvisibleConstitutioninComparativePerspective EditedbyRosalindDixonandAdrienneStone ThePolitico-LegalDynamicsofJudicialReview:AComparativeAnalysis TheunisRoux ConstitutionalCourtsinAsia:AComparativePerspective EditedbyAlbertH.Y.ChenandAndrewHarding JudicialReviewinNorway:ABicentennialDebate AnineKierulf ConstituentAssemblies EditedbyJonElster,RobertoGargarella,VatsalNaresh,andBjornErikRasch TheDNAofConstitutionalJusticeinLatinAmerica:Politics,Governance,andJudicial Design DanielM.BrinksandAbbyBlass TheAdventuresoftheConstituentPower:BeyondRevolutions? AndrewArato CanadaintheWorld:ComparativePerspectivesontheCanadianConstitution EditedbyRichardAlbertandDavidR.Cameron Published online by Cambridge University Press Constitutions,ReligionandPoliticsinAsia:Indonesia,MalaysiaandSriLanka DianA.H.Shah CourtsandDemocraciesinAsia PoJenYap Proportionality:NewFrontiers,NewChallenges EditedbyVickiC.JacksonandMarkTushnet ConstituentsbeforeAssembly:Participation,Deliberation,andRepresentationinthe CraftingofNewConstitutions ToddA.Eisenstadt,A.CarlLeVan,andTofighMaboudi AssessingConstitutionalPerformance EditedbyTomGinsburgandAzizHuq Buddhism,PoliticsandtheLimitsofLaw:ThePyrrhicConstitutionalismofSriLanka BenjaminSchonthal EngagingwithSocialRights:Procedure,ParticipationandDemocracyinSouthAfrica’s SecondWave BrianRay ConstitutionalCourtsasMediators:ArmedConflict,Civil-MilitaryRelations,andthe RuleofLawinLatinAmerica JulioRíos-Figueroa PerilsofJudicialSelf-GovernmentinTransitionalSocieties ˇ DavidKosar MakingWethePeople:DemocraticConstitutionalFoundinginPostwarJapanandSouth Korea ChaiharkHahmandSungHoKim RadicalDeprivationonTrial:TheImpactofJudicialActivismonSocioeconomicRightsin theGlobalSouth CésarRodríguez-GaravitoandDianaRodríguez-Franco UnstableConstitutionalism:LawandPoliticsinSouthAsia EditedbyMarkTushnetandMadhavKhosla MagnaCartaandItsModernLegacy EditedbyRobertHazellandJamesMelton ConstitutionsandReligiousFreedom FrankB.Cross InternationalCourtsandthePerformanceofInternationalAgreements:AGeneralTheory withEvidencefromtheEuropeanUnion CliffordJ.CarrubbaandMatthewJ.Gabel ReputationandJudicialTactics:ATheoryofNationalandInternationalCourts ShaiDothan SocialDifferenceandConstitutionalisminPan-Asia EditedbySusanH.Williams ConstitutionalisminAsiaintheEarlyTwenty-FirstCentury EditedbyAlbertH.Y.Chen Published online by Cambridge University Press ConstitutionsinAuthoritarianRegimes EditedbyTomGinsburgandAlbertoSimpser PresidentialLegislationinIndia:TheLawandPracticeofOrdinances ShubhankarDam SocialandPoliticalFoundationsofConstitutions EditedbyDenisJ.GalliganandMilaVersteeg ConsequentialCourts:JudicialRolesinGlobalPerspective EditedbyDianaKapiszewski,GordonSilverstein,andRobertA.Kagan ComparativeConstitutionalDesign EditedbyTomGinsburg Published online by Cambridge University Press Published online by Cambridge University Press Constitution Makers on Constitution Making new cases Edited by TOM GINSBURG University ofChicago SUMIT BISARYA InternationalInstitutefor Democracyand ElectoralAssistance Published online by Cambridge University Press UniversityPrintingHouse,Cambridgecb28bs,UnitedKingdom OneLibertyPlaza,20thFloor,NewYork,ny10006,USA 477WilliamstownRoad,PortMelbourne,vic3207,Australia 314–321,3rdFloor,Plot3,SplendorForum,JasolaDistrictCentre,NewDelhi–110025,India 103PenangRoad,#05–06/07,VisioncrestCommercial,Singapore238467 CambridgeUniversityPressispartoftheUniversityofCambridge. ItfurtherstheUniversity’smissionbydisseminatingknowledgeinthepursuitof education,learning,andresearchatthehighestinternationallevelsofexcellence. www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781108830324 doi:10.1017/9781108909594 ©TomGinsburgandSumitBisarya2022 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2022 AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData names:Ginsburg,Tom,editor.|Bisarya,Sumit,editor. title:Constitutionmakersonconstitutionmaking:newcases/editedbyTomGinsburg,Universityof Chicago;SumitBisarya,InternationalInstituteforDemocracyandElectoralAssistance. othertitles:Constitutionmakersonconstitutionmaking(CambridgeUniversityPress,2022) description:Cambridge,UnitedKingdom;NewYork,NY:CambridgeUniversityPress,2022.| series:Comparativeconstitutionallawandpolicy|Includesbibliographicalreferences. identifiers:lccn2022012233(print)|lccn2022012234(ebook)|isbn9781108830324(hardback)| isbn9781108822107(paperback)|isbn9781108909594(epub) subjects:lcsh:Constitutionalhistory.|Newdemocracies. classification:lcck3161.c6662022(print)|lcck3161(ebook)|ddc342.02/9–dc23/eng/20220630 LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2022012233 LCebookrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2022012234 isbn978-1-108-83032-4Hardback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracy ofURLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredtointhispublication anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuchwebsitesis,orwillremain, accurateorappropriate. Published online by Cambridge University Press Contents Listof Contributors page xi Acknowledgments xiii 1 Introduction: Constitution Makers on Constitution Making 1 TomGinsburgand Sumit Bisarya 2 Making and Remaking Kenya’sConstitution 37 Christina Murray 3 Kosovo’sIndependenceConstitution: A Unilateral Commitment toan InternationalizedPouvoirConstituant 77 Gresa Caka Nimani 4 Decisions, Deadlocks and Deadlinesin Making South Africa’sConstitution 126 Hassen Ebrahim 5 Makers of Our OwnHistory:Upholding the Revolution and Unsettling Colonialityin the Drafting of Tunisia’s 2014Constitution 151 MabroukaM’Barek 6 Nepal’sConstitutional Development and the Challenges ofConstitution Making 194 Jeetendra Dev ix Published online by Cambridge University Press