SECURITY, DEVELOPMENT AND HUMAN RIGHTS IN EAST ASIA Consolidating Democracy Resilience and Challenges in Indonesia and South Korea Edited by Brendan Howe Security, Development and Human Rights in East Asia Series Editor Brendan Howe, Graduate School of International Studies, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea (Republic of) This series focuses on the indissoluble links uniting security, development and human rights as the three pillars of the UN, and the foundation of global governance. It takes into account how rising Asia has dramati- cally impacted the three pillars at the national, international and global levels of governance, but redirects attention, in this most Westphalian of regions, to human-centered considerations. Projects submitted for inclu- sion in the series should therefore address the nexus or intersection of two or more of the pillars at the level of national or international gover- nance, but with a focus on vulnerable individuals and groups. The series targets postgraduate students, lecturers, researchers and practitioners of development studies, international relations, Asian studies, human rights and international organizations. Brendan Howe Editor Consolidating Democracy Resilience and Challenges in Indonesia and South Korea Editor Brendan Howe Ewha Womans University Seoul, Korea (Republic of) ISSN 2947-5104 ISSN 2947-5112 (electronic) Security, Development and Human Rights in East Asia ISBN 978-3-031-13283-4 ISBN 978-3-031-13284-1 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-13284-1 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and informa- tion in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland This project was supported by a Korea Foundation grant on “Understanding Democratic Resilience and Challenges: Lessons from Indonesia and South Korea.” The authors would like to express their gratitude to the Palgrave Macmillan editorial team, to the reviewers for their very helpful and constructive comments, and to Dr. Andrew Bosworth for his copy-editing and proofreading contributions. Contents 1 Asian Democracy 1 Brendan Howe and Philips J. Vermonte 2 Overcoming Economic Stagnation: Indonesia’s Struggle Over Policy Reform in a New Democracy 17 Edbert Gani Suryahudaya 3 Democratic Resilience in the Midst of Economic Crisis: The Case of South Korea 45 Hannah Jun 4 The Resilience of Democracy and Social Movements in Indonesia 67 Medelina K. Hendytio 5 South Korea’s Progress in Dual Democratization: Social Conflict and Democratic Integration 85 Brendan Howe and Sang-Jin Han 6 Strategizing Religious Oppression: Christianity and Indonesia’s Democracy Resilience 111 Vidhyandika Djati Perkasa and Amelinda Bonita Leonard 7 Populism: Does It Support or Undermine Democracy? A Case Study of Democratic Resilience in South Korea 131 Sang-Jin Han and Young-Hee Shim vii viii CONTENTS 8 An East Asian Democratic Miracle? Challenges and Resilience 159 Brendan Howe Index 175 List of Contributors Han Sang-Jin Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea Hendytio Medelina K. Centre for Strategic and International Studies, Jakarta, Indonesia Howe Brendan Graduate School of International Studies, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea (Republic of) Jun Hannah Graduate School of International Studies, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea Leonard Amelinda Bonita Centre for Strategic and International Studies, Jakarta, Indonesia Perkasa Vidhyandika Djati Centre for Strategic and International Studies, Jakarta, Indonesia Shim Young-Hee Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea Suryahudaya Edbert Gani Centre for Strategic and International Studies, Jakarta, Indonesia Vermonte Philips J. Centre for Strategic and International Studies, Indonesian International Islamic University, Jakarta, Indonesia ix Abbreviations ADB Asian Development Bank API Aliansi Petani Indonesia ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations BPJS Badan Pengelola Jaminan Sosial/ BPS Badan Pusat Statistik BTI Barisan Tani Indonesia CSIS Centre for Strategic and International Studies DPR Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat (legislative body) EBS Educational Broadcasting System EIU Economist Intelligence Unit FES Friedrich Ebert Stiftung FIW Freedom Index of the World FKUB Religious Harmony Forum FPI Front Pembela Islam FSPI Federasi Serikat Tani Indonesia FSPMI Federasi Serikat Pekerja Metal Indonesia GDP Gross Domestic Product Gerindra Great Indonesia Movement Party GKI Gereja Kristen Indonesia GNI Gross National Income HKTI Himpunan Kerukunan Tani Indonesia HTI Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia ICT Information and Communication Technology IHCS Indonesian Human Rights Committee for Social Justice IMF International Monetary Fund ISA International Sociological Association xi