Subject Index, Volume 8, 1994 Abies alba (Fir), 953 American Robin (Turdus migratorius), 672 Abies lasiocarpa (Subalpine fir), 979 American shad (Alosa sapidissima), 869 Acacia auriculiformis, 709 American toad (Bufo americanus), 75 Accipiter gentilis (Northern Goshawk ), 636 Amphibians. See also specific ampbibians Acer pseudoplatanus, 402, 953 extinctions, assessment of, 65 Acer rubrum (red maple), 824, 1112 long-term population studies, 63—65, 67-68 Acer saccharinum (sugar maple ), 754, 828, 953, 1072 nonequilibrium dynamics and metapopulations, 65—66 Acinonyx jubatus (Cheetah), 116, 158, 961-968, 1153-1154 population declines, 60-63 Acipenser medirostris (green sturgeon), 869 climate disturbances and, 72-82 Acipenser nudiventris, 420 population monitoring, 62—63, 65 Acipenser stellaturs (sturgeon ), 420 recolonization constraints after local extinction, 65—67 Acipenser sturio (Atlantic sturgeon), 955 Anairetes, 514 Acipenser transmontanus (white sturgeon), 869 Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) Actitis macularia (Spotted Sandpiper) , 860 in forest management of Oijusluoma forest, Finland, 454-459 Adaptive management, 31 as multi-objective planning approach, 450, 452—454 Adaptive radiation, 656 Anas acuta (Northern Pintail), 954 Adriana tomentosa, 446 Anas clypeata (Northern Shoveler ), 954 Advocates, 598 Anciacanthus thurberi, 463 Aegithalos caudatus (Long-tailed Tit), 540 Andigena nigrirostris, 144 Aepyceros melampus (impala), predation, natural vs human, 158-164 Andropogon gerardii, 695, 698, 699 Africa, Lake Tanganyika, 330-332 Angiopteris longifolia (Giant kingfern), 1080 African elephants (Loxodonta africana), 163 Anolis carolinensis, 1051 African wildcat (Felis lybica), 966 Antbus pratensis (pipit ), 537 African wild dog (Lycaon pictus), 158-159 Antilocapra americana (pronghorn antelope ), 636, 656, 678, 686 Agalychnis callidryas (Red-cyed leaf frog), 81 Apbelocoma coerulescens (Scrub Jay), 286 Agelaius pboeniceus (Red-winged Blackbird), 150, 151, 282, 860 Apbrastura, 512-515 Agriculture Apbrastura spinicauda, 512 land use in Illinois, birds and, 147-155 Apiaceae (Carrot), 271 trade barriers, 991-992 Aquila chrysaetos (Golden Eagle ), 727 vs. subdivisions, 905—907 Arabidopsis thaliana, 43 Agropyron cristatum (wheatgrass ), 636 Aralia spinosa, 825 Agropyron repens, 695 Aranis fecunda, 42 Ailanthus altissima, 826 Aratinga wagleri, 144 Ailuropoda melanoleuca (giant panda), 604 Arbutus peninsularis, 1136 Alabama flattened musk turtle (Sternotherus depressus), 983 Aristida, 696-697 Alces aices (moose), 159, 455, 657 Aristida stricta (wiregrass ), 581-584, 1049 Alder (Alnus), 455, 634, 953, 974, 1010, 1088 Aronia, 1088 Alliaria officinalis, 828 Arrowweed (Pluchea sericea), 1104 Allium vineale, 826 Arsenic poisoning, 382—383 Allometric scaling, of minimal viable population density, 732—743 Ascapbus truei (Tailed frog), 66 Allopolypoid species, Endangered Species Act and, 895—896 Ashe juniper (Juniperus ashei), 287 Allozymic population diversity, 581—584 Asiatic lion (Panthera leo persica), 501, 502 Alnus (alder), 455, 634, 953, 974, 1010, 1088 Asilidae (robber flies), 688 Alosa sapidissima (American shad ), 869 Aslo flammeus (Short-eared Owl), 954 Alouatta fusca (Howler monkeys ), 940 Aspen (Populus tremula), 455 Alouatia palliata (Howler monkey ), 781, 786, 788 Asters (Aster), 578, 693 Alouatta pigra (black howler monkeys), 338 Atelopus varius (Harlequin frog), 72-82 Alouatia seniculus (Red howler monkey ), 1028 Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), 881 Alpacas (Lama pacos), 655 Atlantic sturgeon (Acipenser sturio), 955 Amazona mercenaria, 142, 144 Atriplex, 463, 464 Amazona ventralis (Hispaniolan Parrots), 119 Attila spadiceus, 548 Amazona vittata (Puerto Rican Parrot), 114-123 Aulacorbynchus baematopygus, 144 Amazonia Aulacorbynchus prasinus, 144 ethnobotanical forest type utility analysis for, 235-248 Aurochs (Bos primigenius), 954 indigenous reserves and nature conservation in, $86—588 Austrocedrus, 514 land use change, faunal biodiversity and, 1027-1034 Ausubo (Manilkara bidentata), 1124 Ambystoma maculatum (Spotted Salamander) , 61 Avian nests, edge effects of, 17-25 Ambystoma opacum (Marbled Salamander ), 61 Avicennia marina, 442 Ambystoma talpoideum (Mole salamander) , 61, 65, 67 Axis axis (chital), 503 Ambystoma tigrinum (Tiger Salamander ), 61 Aythya valisineria (Canvasbacks), 118 American beaver (Castor canadensis), 715 American beech (Fagus grandifolia), 824, 825, 828 American cougar (Felis concolor), 967 Baccharis glutinosa (Seepwillow ), 1100 American holly (lex opaca), 1112 Bamboo (Chusquea), 509 American kestrel (Falco sparverius), 117 Banana planting, in Costa Rica, 592-593 American marten (Martes americana), 368, 1058-1067 Bandicoots (Perameles gunnii), 269 1176 Conservation Biology, Pages 1176-1190 Volume 8, No. 4, December 1994 Subject Index, Volume 8, 1994 Abies alba (Fir), 953 American Robin (Turdus migratorius), 672 Abies lasiocarpa (Subalpine fir), 979 American shad (Alosa sapidissima), 869 Acacia auriculiformis, 709 American toad (Bufo americanus), 75 Accipiter gentilis (Northern Goshawk ), 636 Amphibians. See also specific ampbibians Acer pseudoplatanus, 402, 953 extinctions, assessment of, 65 Acer rubrum (red maple), 824, 1112 long-term population studies, 63—65, 67-68 Acer saccharinum (sugar maple ), 754, 828, 953, 1072 nonequilibrium dynamics and metapopulations, 65—66 Acinonyx jubatus (Cheetah), 116, 158, 961-968, 1153-1154 population declines, 60-63 Acipenser medirostris (green sturgeon), 869 climate disturbances and, 72-82 Acipenser nudiventris, 420 population monitoring, 62—63, 65 Acipenser stellaturs (sturgeon ), 420 recolonization constraints after local extinction, 65—67 Acipenser sturio (Atlantic sturgeon), 955 Anairetes, 514 Acipenser transmontanus (white sturgeon), 869 Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) Actitis macularia (Spotted Sandpiper) , 860 in forest management of Oijusluoma forest, Finland, 454-459 Adaptive management, 31 as multi-objective planning approach, 450, 452—454 Adaptive radiation, 656 Anas acuta (Northern Pintail), 954 Adriana tomentosa, 446 Anas clypeata (Northern Shoveler ), 954 Advocates, 598 Anciacanthus thurberi, 463 Aegithalos caudatus (Long-tailed Tit), 540 Andigena nigrirostris, 144 Aepyceros melampus (impala), predation, natural vs human, 158-164 Andropogon gerardii, 695, 698, 699 Africa, Lake Tanganyika, 330-332 Angiopteris longifolia (Giant kingfern), 1080 African elephants (Loxodonta africana), 163 Anolis carolinensis, 1051 African wildcat (Felis lybica), 966 Antbus pratensis (pipit ), 537 African wild dog (Lycaon pictus), 158-159 Antilocapra americana (pronghorn antelope ), 636, 656, 678, 686 Agalychnis callidryas (Red-cyed leaf frog), 81 Apbelocoma coerulescens (Scrub Jay), 286 Agelaius pboeniceus (Red-winged Blackbird), 150, 151, 282, 860 Apbrastura, 512-515 Agriculture Apbrastura spinicauda, 512 land use in Illinois, birds and, 147-155 Apiaceae (Carrot), 271 trade barriers, 991-992 Aquila chrysaetos (Golden Eagle ), 727 vs. subdivisions, 905—907 Arabidopsis thaliana, 43 Agropyron cristatum (wheatgrass ), 636 Aralia spinosa, 825 Agropyron repens, 695 Aranis fecunda, 42 Ailanthus altissima, 826 Aratinga wagleri, 144 Ailuropoda melanoleuca (giant panda), 604 Arbutus peninsularis, 1136 Alabama flattened musk turtle (Sternotherus depressus), 983 Aristida, 696-697 Alces aices (moose), 159, 455, 657 Aristida stricta (wiregrass ), 581-584, 1049 Alder (Alnus), 455, 634, 953, 974, 1010, 1088 Aronia, 1088 Alliaria officinalis, 828 Arrowweed (Pluchea sericea), 1104 Allium vineale, 826 Arsenic poisoning, 382—383 Allometric scaling, of minimal viable population density, 732—743 Ascapbus truei (Tailed frog), 66 Allopolypoid species, Endangered Species Act and, 895—896 Ashe juniper (Juniperus ashei), 287 Allozymic population diversity, 581—584 Asiatic lion (Panthera leo persica), 501, 502 Alnus (alder), 455, 634, 953, 974, 1010, 1088 Asilidae (robber flies), 688 Alosa sapidissima (American shad ), 869 Aslo flammeus (Short-eared Owl), 954 Alouatta fusca (Howler monkeys ), 940 Aspen (Populus tremula), 455 Alouatia palliata (Howler monkey ), 781, 786, 788 Asters (Aster), 578, 693 Alouatta pigra (black howler monkeys), 338 Atelopus varius (Harlequin frog), 72-82 Alouatia seniculus (Red howler monkey ), 1028 Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), 881 Alpacas (Lama pacos), 655 Atlantic sturgeon (Acipenser sturio), 955 Amazona mercenaria, 142, 144 Atriplex, 463, 464 Amazona ventralis (Hispaniolan Parrots), 119 Attila spadiceus, 548 Amazona vittata (Puerto Rican Parrot), 114-123 Aulacorbynchus baematopygus, 144 Amazonia Aulacorbynchus prasinus, 144 ethnobotanical forest type utility analysis for, 235-248 Aurochs (Bos primigenius), 954 indigenous reserves and nature conservation in, $86—588 Austrocedrus, 514 land use change, faunal biodiversity and, 1027-1034 Ausubo (Manilkara bidentata), 1124 Ambystoma maculatum (Spotted Salamander) , 61 Avian nests, edge effects of, 17-25 Ambystoma opacum (Marbled Salamander ), 61 Avicennia marina, 442 Ambystoma talpoideum (Mole salamander) , 61, 65, 67 Axis axis (chital), 503 Ambystoma tigrinum (Tiger Salamander ), 61 Aythya valisineria (Canvasbacks), 118 American beaver (Castor canadensis), 715 American beech (Fagus grandifolia), 824, 825, 828 American cougar (Felis concolor), 967 Baccharis glutinosa (Seepwillow ), 1100 American holly (lex opaca), 1112 Bamboo (Chusquea), 509 American kestrel (Falco sparverius), 117 Banana planting, in Costa Rica, 592-593 American marten (Martes americana), 368, 1058-1067 Bandicoots (Perameles gunnii), 269 1176 Conservation Biology, Pages 1176-1190 Volume 8, No. 4, December 1994 Subject Index, Volume 8 1177 Bare-tailed woolly opossum (Caluromys philander), 1029 Black-headed Grosbeaks (Pheucticus melanocepbalus), 671 Barra del Colorado Wildlife Refuge, Costa Rica, 594 Black howler monkey (Alouatta pigra), 338, 788 Barred Owl (Strix varia), 284 Black-legged tick (Ixodes pacificus), 344 Basin management, for Mexico, 384 Black lion tamarin (Leontopichecus chrysopygus), 940 Bat, 462, 957 Black oak (Quercus velutina), 1112 Bay checkerspot butterfly (Eupbydryas editha bayensis), 129-130 Black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis), 495, 496, 833-838 Beach tiger beetle (Cicindela dorsalis dorsalis), 358-361 dehorning, extinction and, 1149-1152 Beaver (Castor fiber), 957 mitochondrial DNA variation in, 495-499 Beech marten (Martes foina), 957 Biack-tailed Godwit (Limosa limosa), 954 Behavioral diversity, as biodiversity, 569-572 Black-tailed prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus), 678 Belize, river turtle conservation in, 338-339 Blood sampling, Chatham Island Black Robin and, 857—861 Berberis thunbergii, 828 Blue Grosbeaks (Guiraca caerulea), 1103-1104 Bettongia gaimardi (eastern bettong), 446 Blue Jay (Cyanocitta cristata), 286-290 Bettongia lesueur (burrowing bettongs), 439, 440 Blue palo verde (Cercidium floridum), 463 Betula, 1088 Blue Tit (Parus caeruleus), 538 Betula allegbaniensis (yellow birch), 754 Bobcat (Lynx rufus), 284 Betulaceae (Alnus), 974 Bocconia (Papaveraceae ), 974 Betula nana, 952 Body weight heritibility, 101-102 Betula pendula (birch), 454 Boiga irregularis (brown tree snakes), 1079 Betula pubescens (birch), 454 Boloria acrocnema (Uncompahgre fritillary ), pending extinction of, 86-93 Betula verrucosa, 953 Boloria acrocnema (Uncompahgre fritillary butterfly), 1156-1160 Bewick’s Wren (Thryomanes bewickii), 1103 Boloria improba (northern dingy fritillary), 87, 89, 90, 91, 93, 1156 Bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis), 159, 656, 658-659 Boloria titania, 89, 90 Biodiversity, 598, 909-910 Bombina variegata (yellow-bellied toad), 67 artificial diversity and, G00—602 Bombus (bumblebee ), 954 behavioral diversity as, 569-572 Bombus pascuorum (bumblebee), 1023 definition of, 450 Bombycilla garrulus (Waxwing), 537 habitat fragmentation and, 706-711 Bonasa bonasia (Hazel Grouse ), 540 loss prediction, stochastic model for, 425—435 Borrelia burgdorferi, 344, 346, 349 of mammals, in Chiapas, Mexico, 780—799 Bos primigenius (Aurochs), 954 managing in forestry environment, 450—459 Bos primigenius (wild ox), 954 of Mexican-United States border, 383-384 Bosque, 1100, 1104, 1105 monitoring, 392 Bouteloua curtipendula, 699 in Poland, 950—957 Bouteloua eriopoda (black grama), 684 prairie dog and, 677—680 Bouteloua gracilis (grassland dominated by blue grama), 684 sustainable forestry and, 450 Bradypus variegatus (three-toed sloth), 1029 Biological analysis, reserve planning and, 218-223 Brambling (Fringilla montifringilla), 537 Biological control, of ticks, 348 Branta canadensis (Canada Geese ), 746 Biological evaluation, 365 Brassica campestris, 43 Biological opinions, 983 Brazilian Amazon, modeling effects of land management, 196-206 Biological population, 364 British Isles, extinction rates from regular censuses, 491-494 Biopolitics Bromus tectorum (cheatgrass ), 633 of Mt. Graham red squirrel controversy, 979-983 Broom dalea (Dalea scoparia), 1104 of taxonomy, 983-984 Broussonetia papyrifera, 826 Biosphere 2, 327-329 Brown bandicott (/soodon macrourus), 446 Biotic integrity, 910 Brown bear (Ursus arctos), 957 Birch (Betula pendula; Betula pubescens), 454 Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater), 153, 286, 671 Bird censuses Brown tree snakes (Boiga irregularis). 1079 extinction rates from, 491-494 Brown trout (Salmo trutta), 881 for Southern Finland, 535—536, 543-544 Brucella, 649 Birds. See also specific birds Brucella abortus, 646, 650, 658 agricultural land use in Illinois and, 147-155 Brucella canis, 647 diversity, riparian vegetation conservation and, 669-673 Brucella melitensis, 647, 648, 658 extinctions, habitat fragmentation and, 138-144 Brucella neotomae, 647, 648 forest-nesting, narrow corridors and, 1109-1119 Brucella ovis, 647 grassiand, habitat area and, 1087-1095 Brucella priscus, 646 habitat mosaic in Colombian Amazon and, 545-554 Brucella spp., 658 livestock grazing and, 633 Brucella suis, 647, 648 obligate ant-following, 1029 Brucellosis passerine, rarity in North America, 1141-1144 in Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, 658 of Southern Finland, protected areas for, 532—541, 543-544 origin in bison of Yellowstone National Park, 645, 649-650 species richness in riparian forest, 1098-1106 origin in North America, 646-648 Birth-death models, 574-576 Brush mouse (Peromyscus boylii), 685 Bischofia javanica (Koko), 1080 Brush-tailed possum (Trichosurus vulpecula arnbemensis), 440 Bison (Bison bison), 637, 646-647, 658, 678 Bufo americanus (American toad), 75 Bison bonasus bonasus (lowland bison), 167-171 Bufo bufo (common toad), 61, 63, 67, 68, 81 Bison bonasus (European bison), 167—171, 957 Bufo calamita (natterjack toad), 61 Black-and-white saki monkey (Pithecia pithecia), 1029 Bufo canorus (Yosemite toad), 61 Black-billed Cuckoo (Coccyzus erythropthalmus), 1113 Bufo marinus (giant toad), 75 Blackbrush (Coleogyne ramosissima), 634 Bufo periglenes (golden toad), 61, 63, 73, 81 Black-footed ferret (Mustela nigripes), 116, 263-265, 679 Bufo punctatus (red spotted toad), 685 Black grama (Bouteloua eriopoda), 684 Bufo (tadpole), 843 Black Grouse (Lyrurus tetrix), 455 Bumblebee (Bombus pascuorum), 954, 1023 Black gum (Nyssa sylvatica), 1112 Bupagus erythorinchus (Red-billed Oxpeckers), 342 Conservation Biology Volume 8, No. 4, December 1994 1178 Subject Index, Volume 8 Burrowing bettongs (Bettongia lesueur), 439, 440 Cerambyx cerdo (longicorn cerambyx ), 954 Bursera micropbylla, 463, 464 Ceratotherium simum (white rhino), 833-838 Bushy rock-rose (Helianthemum dumosum), 1095 Cercidium floridum (blue palo verde ), 463 Buteo buteo (Buzzard), 537 Cercidium gigantea, 463 Buteo regalis (Ferruginous Hawks), 679 Cercidium micropbyllum (little leaf palo verde), 463, 464 Butterflies. See also specific butterflies Cercocenus atys (sooty mangabey ), 108-112 Neotropical, monitoring of, 800-809 Cercomacra tyrannina, 547 Buzzard (Buteo buteo), 537 Cercopithecus campbelli (Campbell's monkey ), 108-112 Cercopithecus diana (Diana monkey ), 108-112 Cercopithecus petaurista (lesser spot-nosed monkey ), 108-112 Certhia familiaris (Treecreeper ), 537 Calidris pusilla (Semipalmated Sandpiper ), 860 Cervus elapbus (elk), 646, 657, 678 California Cervus elapbus (red deer), 159 anadromous fishes in, 869-870 Chaffinch (Fringilla coelebs), 541 failed fishery policy of, 892-894 Chamaedaphbne calyculata, 952 Jasper Ridge, checkerspot butterflies on, 129-130 Chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra), 957 Caligo atreus (ithomiines ), 805 Chapman's oak (Quercus chapmanii), 1049 Calliandra peninsularis, 1136 Characters Callipepla gambelii (Gambels’ ), 686 evolutionary significant units and, 357 Callipepla gambelii (Scaled Quail), 686 quality of, 357-358 Callithrix jacchus (common marmosets), 101 Charadrius montanus (Mountain Plovers ), 678 Caluromys pbilander (bare-tailed woolly opossum ), 1029 Chatham Island Black Robin (Petroica traversi), 857-861 Calyptorbyncus funereus latirostris (Carnaby’s Cockatoo ), 55 Cheatgrass (Bromus iectorum), 633 Campbell's monkey (Cercopithecus campbelli), 108-112 Cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus), 116, 158, 961-968, 1153-1154 Campepbilus, 514 Chelidoptera tenebrosa, 551 Canada Geese (Branta canadensis), 746 Chenopodium album, 826 Canis familiaris (dogs), 1079 Chiasmocleis shudikarensis (tropical frog), 1029, 1030, 1031, 1032 Canis latrans (coyote ), 899 Chile Canis lupus (gray wolf), 33, 131-132, 346, 715-716 avian communities of fragmented south-temperate rain forests, 508-520 Canvasbacks (Aythya valisineria), 118 Lactoris ferandeziana, 277-279 of Capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus), 19, 454, 539 Chilidonias leucopterus (White-winged Black Tern), 954 Captive breeding Chilopsis linearis, 464 DNA fingerprinting for, 744—750 Chimapbila maculata, 825 of Pacific Salmon, 886-888 Chinook salmon (Oncorbynchus tshawytscha) programs, 102—103 life history variation, 876-880 reintroductions and, 263-265 mitochondrial DNA polymorphism, 882-884 Capuchin monkey (Cebus apella), 940 Chinook salmon (Oncorbynychus tshawystcha), 869, 870-872 Caracal (Felis caracal), 966 Chipmunk (Tamias striatus), 52 Carassius carassius (Crucian carp ), 843 Chipping (Spizella passerina), 1102 Cardamine impatiens, 405 Chiroptera, all species (bat), 957 Carduelis, 514 Chloroceryle india, 549 Carduelis flammea (redpoll), 537 Chondestes grammacus (Lark), 1103 Carex, 952, 1088 Chrysothamnos (sagebrush-rabbitbrush ), 634 Carex davalliana, 952 Chum salmon (Oncorbynychys keta), 869 Caribou (Rangifer tarandus), 159, 648 Chusquea (bamboo ), 509 Cariceto elongatae-Alnetum, 952 Chusquea (Poaceae ), 974 Caricetum gracilis, 952 Chysocyon brachyurus (maned wolves), 118 Caricetum budsonii, 952 Cicindela cuprascens, 358, 361 Caricetum paradoxae, 952 Cicindela curvata, 359, 360 Caricetum rostratae, 952 Cicindela dorsalis, 360 Carnaby’s Cockatoo (Calyptorbyncus funereus latirostris), 55 Cicindela dorsalis dorsalis (beach tiger beetle ), 358-361 Carnegiea gigantea, 462, 464 Cicindela macra, 358, 361 Carpinus, 953 Cicindela puritana (Puritan tiger beetle ), 354, 358-361 Carpodacus mexicanus (House Finch), 1142 Circaetus gallicus (Short-toed Eagle ), 954 Carrot (Apiaceae), 271 Circus pygargus (Montagu’s Harrier), 954 Carrying capacity, extinction time prediction and, 124—137 Cistothorus platensis (Sedge Wrens), 151 Carya (hickory ), 824, 1073 Citizens, ecosystem management and, 33—34 Cascades frog (Rana cascadae), 64, 67 Cladogram and population aggregation analysis, 358-360 Castilleja linariaefolia, 484, 485, 487 Claytonia virginica, 1075 Castor canadensis ( American beaver), 715 Clearcutting, vs. wildfire with salvage-logging, 1047-1055 Castor fiber (European beaver ), 713-717, 957 Cletbra ainifolia (Sweet pepperbush ), 1112 Catastrophes, 412 Clidemia birta, 709 Cattle Climate-linked contaminant pulse hypothesis, 82 brucellosis in, 649-650 Climate-linked epidemic hypothesis, 81 grazing. See Livestock grazing Cnemidopborus inornatus (striped whiptail ), 685 Caulopbyllum, 1074, 1076 Cnemidopborus sexlineatus, 1051-1053, 1055 Cavanillesia platanifolia, 1001 Coastal cutthroat trout (Oncorbynchus clarki clarki), 869 Cebus apelia (Capuchin monkey ), 940 Coccyzus americanus (Yellow-billed Cuckoo), 1113 Cebus capucinus, 111 Coccyzus (Cuckoo species), 1113 Cebus (sloth ), 789 Coccyzus erythropthalmus ( Black-billed Cuckoo), 1113 Cedrela odorata, 235 Cockatiels (Nympbicus bollandicus), 118 Cedrela (tropical cedars), 974 Coconuts (Cocos nucifera), 1080 Celastraceae (Maytenus ), 235 Coenagrionidae (darmsel flies), 688 Centrolenella fleischmanni (glass frog), 81 Coevolution, wildlife disease and, 656-658 Conservation Biology Volume 8, No. 4, December 1994 Subject Index, Volume 8 Coho salmon (Oncorbynchus kisutch), 887 Critical habitat, 984-985 Coho salmon (Oncorbynchus kisutch), 869 Critical lower population sizes, birth-death models and, 575—576 Coigue trees, 509 Crocuta crocuta (hyenas), 968 Coleogyne ramosissima (blackbrush ), 634 Crocutta crocutta (spotted hyaena), 158-159 Coleoptera, 454, 726, 728 Croton lechleri (Euphorbiaceae), 233 Colobus polykomos (Western black-and-white colobus), 108-112 Crotopbhaga ani, 550 Colombia Crotopbaga major, 551 Amazon rain forest, sustainable use in, 545-554 Crucian carp (Carassius carassius), 843 forest fragmentation and bird extinctions in, 138-144 Cuckoo species (Coccyzus), 1113 Colonization, metapopulations and, 375—376 Culex pipiens (mosquitoe ), 420 Colorbampbus parvirostris, 515 Cumulative impact analyses, 369 Columba, 514 Cyanerpes ceruleus, 548 Columba araucana, 515 Cyanocitta cristata (Blue Jay ), 286-290 Columba leucocepbala (White-crowned Pigeon), 770-777 Cygnus cygnus (Whopper Swan), 954 Columba livia (Domestic pigeons), 116 Cymopbyllus, 296 Columba livia (feral pigeon), 537 Cymopbyllus fraseri, 296, 297 Columba mayeri (Mauritius Pink Pigeon), 116 Cynomys (prairie dog), 263, 678-680 Columba oenas (Stock Dove), 537 Cyprinodon tularosa (white sands pupfish ), 689 Columba palumbus (Woodpigeon ), 537 Cyrilla racemiflora, 1123, 1127 Columbina (doves), 550 Comarca Laguera, Mexico, 382-383 Commelina communis, 826 Commensals, 657-658 Dacryodes excelsa, 1123, 1127 Common guppy (Poecilia reticulata), 420 Dalea scoparia (Broom dalea), 1104 Common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus), 101 Dall sheep (Ovis dalli), 159 Common toad (Bufo bufo), 61, 63, 57, 68 Dama dama (fallow deer), 160 Common Yellowthroat (Geothlypis trichas), 671 Damsel flies (Coenagrionidae), 688 Competition wildlife disease and, 657 Danthonia, 1088 Completeness of search, meta-analysis and, 558 Dapbne mezereum, 406 Composite transect, 826 Dark-eyed Junco (Junco byemalis), 1142 Computer simulation. See Simulation models Data collection, 41 Concho river snake (Nerodia barteri), 983 Datura, 468 Conservation biologists Datura discolor, 464, 467 common ground for, 598-599 Deciduous oaks (Quercus), 287 implications of Lyme disease for, 349 Deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus), 346, 578, 688 undergraduate education and, 589-591 Deforestation, estimates, for neotropical countries, 432 Conservation biology, goal of, 598 Delpbinium nelsonii, 487 Conservation management, diagnosing units of, 354—361 DELTA (Dynamic Ecological-Land Tenure Analysis model), 198-206, 1030— Conservation organizations, 1165 1034 Conservation units, delimiting, phenetic approaches for, 355—356 Delta smelt (Hypomesus transpacificus), 869 Contracaecum, 423 Dendrobates pumilio (poison dart frog), 67 Conuropsis carolinensis, 514 Dendrocincla merula (obligate ant-following birds), 1029 Cook Islands, recovery of Kakerori in, 1078-1085 Dendrocopos leucotos (White-backed Woodpecker ), 540 Coqui frog (Eleutherodactylus coqui), 61 Dendrocopos minor (Lesser Spotted Woodpecker ), 540 Corchorus parviflorus, 446 Dendrocopus leucotos (White-backed Woodpecker ), 728 Cordia alliodora, 480 Dendroica chrysoparia (Golden-cheeked Warbler ), 286-290 Coriariaceae (Coriaria), 974 Dennstaedtiaceae (Pteridium), 974 Corn snake (Elapbe guttata), 284 Dense wolf (Canis lupus), 715-716 Cornus (dogwood), 578, 824, 1072 Density-dependent population analysis, 126-127 Corridors Dentaria, 1074 contagious disease and, 256-261 Dermatemys mawii (river turtle), 338 functions, 370 Desert topminnows, parasitic susceptibility, 419-423 width, forest fragmentation and, 1109-1119 Desert tortoise (Gopberus agassizi), 67 Corvus corax (Raven), 540 Desert woodrat (Neotoma lepida), 648 Corvus cornix (Hooded Crow ), 24, 537 Desmognatbus ocbhropbaeus, 67 Corydalis flavula, 1074 Desmognatbus (salamander ), 67, 300—304 Costa Rica Determination of effect documents, 365 amphibian declines, climate disturbances and, 72-82 Diana monkey (Cercopithecus diana), 108-112 Barra del Colorado Wildlife Refuge, 594 Dicentra, 1070, 1076 conservation in, 592—595 Dicentra canadensis, 1073-1076 Pentacletbra macroloba genctic variation in, 471-481 Dicentra cucullaria, 1074 Pentaclethra macroloba population differentiation in, 476-481 Diceros bicornis. See Black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) Tortuguero National Park, 594 Dickcissel (Spiza americana), 151 Cotton rats (Sigmodon bispidus), 578 Didelpbis marsupialis (Opossum ), 284 Cottontail rabbit (Sylvilagus sp.), 899 Die-offs, natural, of large mammals, 410-416 Cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus), genetic variation in, 95-103 Dioscorea sansibarensis Pax, 709 Cottonwood (Populus fremontii), 633, 1100 Dipodomys agilis (kangaroo rat), 817 Coturnix coturnix (Quail), 18 Dipodomys merriami (kangaroo rat), 685, 817 Cowbird (Molothrus ater), 22 Dipodomys spectabilis (kangaroo rat), 817-819 Coyote (Canis latrans), 899 Dipodomys stepbensi (Stephan’s kangaroo rat), 810-819 Coyote willow (Salix exigua), 1100 Disease Crane (Grus grus), 541 contagious, conservation corridors and, 256-261 Creosote bush (Larrea tridentata), 632, 684 endangered species conservation and, 116-118 Crested Caracara (Polyborus plancus cheriway), 284 DISPATCH model, 765 Conservation Biology Volume 8, No. 4, December 1994 1180 Subject Index, Volume 8 Dispersal rates, 54-55 Eleutherodactylus coqui (Coqui frog), 61 Dispersal routes, 53 Elk (Cervus elapbus), 646, 678 Disturbance, succession and, 375 El Nifo, amphibian declines and, 76-81 DNA fingerprinting, of Hawaiian geese, 744-750 Emberiza rustica (Rustic Bunting), 537 Dodecatheon meadia, 695 Embothrium coccinium, 515 Dogs (Canis familiaris), 1079 Empidonax traillii, 547, 549 Dogwood (Cornus florida), 578, 824 Endangered Species Act, 895-896, 979-980, 983-984, 987 Domestic pigeons (Columba livia), 116 Endymion nonscriptus, 405 Doormouse (Muscardinidae all species), 957 Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii), 979 Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), 986 Enicognathbus, 514, 515 Doves (Columbina), 550 Enicognatbus leptorbynchus, 515 Dracula (orchid taxa), 430 Environmental degradation, economic growth and, 1161-1162 Drimys winteri (coigue tree), 509 Environmental domain analysis, 217—222 Dromicus (snakes), 571 Environmental impact assessments, 364 Drosera, 952 Epidemiologic interference, 656 Drosera anglica, 952 Epipactis belleborine, 432 Drosera intermedia, 952 Epipactis palustris, 952 Drosera rotundifolia, 952 Eremopbila alpestris (Horned Larks), 150 Drosopbila, 90, 257, 609 Erethizon dorsatum (porcupine), 899 Drymarchon corais (indigo snake ), 284 Erinaceus europaeus (hedgehog), 957 Duchesnea indica, 826 Erinaceus roumanicus (Eastern European hedgehog), 957 Dynamic Ecological-Land Tenure Analysis (DELTA), 198-206, 1030-1034 Eriopborum gracile, 952 Erythrina flabelliformis, 1135 Esox lucius (pike), 843 ESU (evolutionary significant units), 355, 356-357 Ethnobotanical data, for forest type utility analysis, 225—248 Early-successional communities, 370 Eucalyptus, 523, 1004, 1010 Eastern barred bandicoot (Perameles gunnii), 964 Eucalyptus albens (white box), 1003-1012 Eastern bettong (Bettongia gaimardi), 446 Eucalyptus caesia, 1004 Eastern European hedgehog (Erinaceus roumanicus), 957 Eucalyptus crucis, 1004 Eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), 752, 753 Eucalyptus lateritica, 1004 Ecological boundaries, 29-30 Eucalyptus melanipbloia, 1004 Ecological estimation, of effective population size, 177, 183-184 Eucalyptus melliodora, 1004, 1010 Ecological integrity, 30—31 Eucalyptus microcarpa, 1004, 1010 Ecological scale, 364 Eucalyptus miniata, 446 Ecological trap hypothesis, 18 Eucalyptus pilligaensis, 1004 Economic alternatives Eucalyptus popuinea, 1004, 1010 outside of reserves, 391 Eucalyptus sideroxylon, 1004 in reserves, 391 Eudocimus albus (White Ibises), 860 Economic growth, environmental degradation and, 1161-1162 Eudynamis taitensis (Long-tailed Cuckoos), 1082 Ecosystem Euglossa (Euglossine bees), 1029 functional disruption, livestock grazing and, 633-634 Euglossine bees (Euglossa), 1029 processes and services, 394 Euglossine bees (Eulaema), 102° structural alteration, livestock grazing and, 634-635 Eulachon (Thaleichthys pacificus), 869 Ecosystem conservation, 598 Eulaema (Euglossine bees), 1029 Ecosystem management, 27—28 Eumeces egregius, 1051, 1052, 1055 dominant themes of, 29-31 Eumeces inexpectatus, 1051, 1052 goals, 31-32 Eupatorium, 296, 297 historical development of, 28-29 Eupbonia chlorotica, 548 long-term policy implications, 34—35 Euphorbiaceae (Croton lechleri), 233 short-term policy implications, 32-34 Eupbydryas editha bayensis (bay checkerspot butterfly), 129 success, evaluation of, 35 Eurasian Curlew (Numenius arquata), 954 Ectopistes migratorius, 514 European beaver (Castor fiber), 713-717 Edge effects, 393 European bison (Bison bonasus), 167-171, 957 on avian nests, 17—25 European mink (Mustela lutreola), 957 direct gradient vs. multivariate analyses of, 822-830 European Nuthatch (Sitta europea), 53 nesting and, 151 European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus), 657 nesting avigauna and, 152—153 European Starlings (Sturnus vulgaris), 671 Education, conservation, 622-624 European toad (Bufo bufo), 81 attitudes toward nature and, 846-852 Eurycea wilderae, 300 teaching problem solving, 902-904 Evolutionary significant units (ESU), 355, 356-357 Effective population size Exotic species, 394 Chinook salmon, 890-892 Extinction of conserved populations, 175-181, 183-184 of American marten, 1058-1067 pacific salmon, 888-890 of black rhinos, 1149-1152 Elaeagnus angustifolia (Russian-olive ), 1100 Extinction predictions, for Neotropical countries, 432-433, 435 Elaenia, 512-515 Extinction probability, minimum set analysis for, 398-409 Elaenia albiceps, 511, 512 Extinction rates Elaeocarpus (Karaka), 1080 island, from regular censuses, 491-494 Elaeopbora schneideri, 657 in Neotropical countries, 433 Elapbe guttata (corn snake ), 284 Extinctions, 373-375 Elapbe obsoleta (yellow rat snake), 284 amphibian, 60-68 Elapbostrongylus, 656 of birds, habitat fragmentation and, 138-144 Elecrophoretic heterozygosity, significance, 167-171 local, 52 Conservation Biology Volume 8, No. 4, December 1994 Subject Index, Volume 8 pending, of uncompahgre fritillary butterfly, 86-93 Gambels’ (Callipepla gambelii), 686 of plant species, in Singapore, 705-711 Gambusia, 423 Extinction time, prediction, from stochasticity and carrying capacity, 124-137 Gambusia affinis (Mosquitofish ), 44, 420 Garrulus glandarius (jay), 24 Garrya salicifolia, 1136 Garter snake (Thamnopbis elegans vagrans), 634 Fagraea, 1080 Gastric brooding frog (Rbeobatrachus silus), 63 Fagraea verteriana (Pupua), 1080 GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade), 989-995 Fagus, 953 Gaylussacia, 1073 Fagus grandifolia (American beech), 824, 825, 828, 1072 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), 989-995 Fagus sylvatica, 727, 1010 Genetic methods, for effective population size estimation, 176-177 Falco peregrinus (Peregrine Falcon), 538-539 Genetics Falco sparverius (American kestrel), 117 captive breeding reintroductions and, 263—265 Fallow deer (Dama dama), 160 detection of rare alleles and, 267-269 Felis caracal (Caracal), 966 Genetic Stock Identification (GSI), 879-880 Felis catus (feral cats), 569, 1079 Genetic variation Felis concolor (American cougar, mountain lion, puma), 131, 967, 1154 in black rhinoceros, 495—499 Felis lybica (African wildcat), 966 in cotton-top tamarins, 95—103 Felis onca (jaguar), 1029 in Gentiana pneumonanthe L, 1014-1024 Felis silvestris (wildcat), 957 in parasitic susceptibility of desert topminnows, 419-423 Female fecundity, 183—184 in Pentacletbra macroloba, 471-481 Fencelines, Loggerhead Shrike reproduction success and, 281-284 in Ptilimnium nodosum, 271-275 Feral cats (Felis catus), 569, 1079 quantitative, natural selection and, 42-43 Feral chickens (Gallus domesticus), 1085 of white box populations, 1003—1012 Feral Pigeon (Columba livia), 537 Genotype-by-environment interactions, ex situ seed banks and, 43-44 Ferruginous hawks (Buteo regalis), 679 Genotype diversity, ex situ seed banks and, 44 Fetterbush (Lyonia ferruginea), 1049 Gentiana, 1022 Ficedula bypoleuca (Pied Flycatcher), 537 Gentiana pneumonanthe, 952, 1015-1024 Ficedula parva (Red-breasted Flycatcher ), 537 Geographical subdivisions. See Subdivisions Ficus insipida, 233 Geographic information system (GIS) Ficus platypoda, 442, 447 for landscape design, 752-760 Fieldfare (Turdus pilaris), 537 landscape restoration after fire, 763-768 Field Sparrow (Spizella pusilla), 22 Geothblypis tricbas (Common Yellowthroats ), 671 Finland Geranium, 1074 Oijusluoma forest, biodiversity and forest management, 454-459 Geranoaetus melanoleucus, 510 protected areas for land birds of, 532-541, 543-544 Giant kingfern (Angiopteris longifolia), 1080 Fir (Abies alba), 953 Giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca), 604 Fire Giant toad (Bufo marinus), 75 effects on reptile communities in sand-pine scrub, 1047—1055 Gila woodpeckers (Melanerpes uropygialis), 671 in grassland management, 694-696 Glass frog (Centrolenella fleischmanni), 81 Fish, tree frog distribution and, 841-844 Glaucis hirsuta, 549 Fitchia speciosa (Neinei), 1080 Global climatic change, drought-induced soil cracks as refuge for small mam- Flora Neotropica, 430, 431 mals, 577-579 Florida Key deer (Odocoileus virginianus clavium), 984 Glossina (tsetse fly), 604 Florida Keys, postfledging dispersal of White-crowned Pigeons, 770-777 Glycerietum aquaticae, 952 Floridanum, 828 Golden bandicoot (Isoodon auratus), 439, 440 Flycatchers (Pomarea), 1083, 1084 Golden-cheeked Warbler (Dendroica chrysoparia), 286-290 Forbs (Lysimachia), 1088 Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos), 727 Forestiera neomexicana (New Mexico olive), 1100 Goldenrod (Solidago), 578 Forest management Golden toad (Bufo periglenes), 61, 63 in Baja California Sur, Mexico, 1132—1139 population declines, climate disturbances and, 72-82 Luquillo Mountains, Puerto Rico, 1122-1130 Goodding willow (Salix gooddingii), 1100 threatened species in Sweden and, 728-729 Goodyera, 296 Forest resources, multiple-use planning for, 452 Gopberus agassizi (desert tortoise), 67 Forestry environment, managing biodiversity in, 450—459 Grasshoppers, livestock grazing and, 633 Forests Grasshopper Warbler (Locustella naevia), 954 commercial usage, 298-299 Grasslands environmental degradation, roads and, 972-975 prairie dog biodiversity in, 677-680 Forest vegetation mapping units, 218-219 species diversity management, 691-700 Fox squirrel (Sciurus niger), 286 Gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus), 346 Fragaria vesca, 405 Gray wolf (Canis lupus), 131-132, 346 Fragmented populations, conservation of, 50-56 Greater Prairie Chicken (Tympanuchus cupido), 150 Francisella tularensis, 657 Great Tit (Parus major), 538 Fraxinus americana, 1072 Greenshank (7ringa nebularia), 537 Fraxinus excelsior, 402 Green sturgeon (Acipenser medirostris), 869 Free trade, environmental degradation and, 989-995 Grizzly bear (Ursus arctos), 28, 130—131, 899 Fringilla coelebs (chaffinch), 541 Ground-nesting Sparrows, 151 Fringilia montifringilla (brambling), 537 Growth rates Frugivores, 550 high variance, persistence and, 371 Furnariids, 512-515 low or negative, birth-death models and, 575 Grus americana (Whooping Cranes), 116 Grus canadensis (Sandhill Cranes), 116 Galium boreale, 695 Grus grus (Crane), 541 Gallus domesticus (chickens), 1085 GSI (Genetic Stock Identification), 879-880 Conservation Biology Volume 8, No. 4, December 1994 1182 Subject Index, Volume 8 Guitraca caerulea (Blue Grosbeaks ), 1103-1104 Human-wildlife conflict, human density and, 249-254 Gymnopitbys leucaspis, 549 Hummingbird (Eutoxers aquila), 143 Gymnopitbys rufigula (obligate ant-following birds), 1029 Hybognathus amarus (Silvery minnow ), 941 Gyrodactylus, 420, 423 Hybomithra, 657 Gyrodactylus bullatarudis, 422 Hyenas (Crocuta crocuta), 968 Gyrodactylus turnbulli, 420, 422, 423 Hyla arborea (tree frog), 841-844 Hyla cadaverina, 67 Hyla regilla (Pacific treefrog), 67 Hyles lineata (sphingid moth), 466 Habitat creation, 375 Hylopbylax poecilonota, 549 Habitat disturbance, species richness prediction and, 521-529 Hymenoptera (parasitoid insects), 725, 726 Habitat fragmentation, 370—371, 393 Hypericum perforatum, 826 avian communities from, 508-520 Hypomesus transpacificus (delta smelt), 869 and biodiversity, in Poland, 949-957 bird extinctions and, 138-144 corridor width and, 1109-1119 of deciduous forests, logging and, 295—297 ICDPs (integrated conservation and development projects), 388-395 faunal biodiversity in Central Amazon and, 1027-1034 Icteria virens (Yellow-breasted Chat), 1103 grassiand birds and, 187—1095 Icterus galbula (Northern Oriole), 1102, 1142 primate habitat use correlates and, 106-112 Icterus spuritus (Orchard Orioles), 672 species diversity and, 706-711 Idaho National Parks, proposed, ecological evaluation of, 207-216 by urban development, bird populations and, 286-290 Ilex opaca (American holly), 825, 1112 of white box woodlands, 1003-1012 illinois, agricultural land use, birds and, 147-155 Habitat grid, 426-427 Impact monitoring, 392—394 Habitat manipulation, for tick management, 347 Impala (Aepyceros melampus), predation, natural vs. human, 158-164 Habitat patches INBio (Instituto Nacional de Biodivesidad ), 594 persistent populations in, 51-52 Inbreeding depression, 562-567 size, shape and quality of, 53 in cheetah, 961-968 Habitats, associations for threatened species in Sweden, 723 India, Gir Forest, lion-human conflict in, 501-506 Habitat-use index, 108-109 Indicator assemblages, for biodiversity monitoring, 392 Halictidae (sweat bees), 688 Indigo Buntings (Passerina cyanea), 151 Halocarpus bidwillii, 1011 Indigo snake (Drymarchon corais), 284 Hare (Lepus americanus), 899 Ingleborough limestone pavements, United Kingdom, species turnover, 398— Harlequin frog (Atelopus varius), population decline, climate disturbances and. 409 72-82 Inocarpus fagiferus (1'i), 1080 Harvested species, impact monitoring and, 393-394 Insects, livestock grazing and, 631-633 Hawaiian Geese, 744-750 Instituto Nacional de Biodivesidad (INBio), 594 Hazel Grouse (Bonasa bonasia), 540 Insular biogeography, 370 Hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus), 957 Integrated conservation and development projects (ICDPs), 388-395 Heliantbemum dumosum (bushy rock-rose ), 1095 design of ecological monitoring projects for, 391-394 Helianthus (sunflowers ), 693 ecological monitoring projects of, 390 Heliconia, 550 Heliotropium ovalifolium (dicot), 446 economic alternatives promotion and, 391 for Masoala Peninsula, Madagascar, 394—395 Hemignatbus parvus, 367 Interagency cooperation, 31 Herbs, vernal, 1069-1076 encouragement of, 34—35 Herminium monorchis, 952 Interspecific hybridization, salmonids and, 881-882 Hernandia moerenboutiana (turina), 1080 Ips thypograpbus, 953 Herpestes auropunctatus (mongoose ), 1079 Iriatea deltoidea, 231, 232 Herpesvirus infections, 116, 117 Ironwood (Olneya tesota), 462, 463 Herring Gulls (Larus argentatus), 776 Island biogeography, equilibrium theory of, 404, 426 Hesperia comma, 375 Island extinction rates, 491-494 Heterosperma pinnatum, 43 Island theory, 433-434 Hibiscus tiliaceous (‘Au), 1080 Isoodon, 446 Hickory (Carya spp.), 824 Isoodon auratus (golden bandicoot ), 439, 440 Hierarchical context, 29 Isoodon macrourus (brown bandicott ), 446 Highbush blueberry (Vaccimium corymbosum) Isoodon obesulus, 446 Hili equation, 183 Ithomiines (Caligo atreus), 805 Hispaniolan Parrots (Amazona ventralis), 119 Ixodes dammini (Ixodes scapularis), 344 Hole-Nesters (Wryneck Jynx torquilla), 537 Ixodes pacificus (black-legged tick), 344, 345 Homalium acuminatum (Mato), 1080 Ixodes ricinus (tick), 344 Homozygosity, inbreeding depression in cheetah and, 961-968 Ixodes scapularis, 344, 345, 347, 348 Honey mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa), 684 Hooded Crow (Corvus cornix), 24, 537 Hoplomys gymnurus, 789 Horned Larks (Eremopbila alpestris), 150 Horses, brucellosis in, 649 Jacamerops aurea, 548 House Finch (Carpodacus mexicanus), 1142 Jack Snipe (Lymnocryptes minimus), 537 House Sparrow (Passer domesticus), 537 Jaguar (Felis onca), 1029 Howellia aquatilis, 269, 274 Jatropha cinerea, 1135 Howler monkey (Alouatta palliata), 781, 786, 788 Jatropha cuneata, 464, 464 Howler monkeys (Alouatia fusca), 940 Jay (Garrulus glandarius), 24 Human density, as human-wildlife conflict predictor, 249-254 Juan Fernandez Islands, Chile, Lactoris ferandeziana of, 277-279 Human population control, 305-413 Junco byemalis (Dark-eyed Junco), 1142 Humans, embedded in nature, 31 Juniperus asbei (Ashe juniper), 287 Conservation Biology Volume 8, No. 4, December 1994 Subject Index, Volume 8 1183 Juniperus monosperma (one seed juniper ), 684 grassland management and, 696-698 Justicia californica, 463 subdivisions vs. agriculture, 905—907 Lizards, livestock grazing and, 633 Locustella naevia (Grasshopper Warbler ), 954 Lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta), 24 Kakapos (Strigops babroptilus), 269 Loggerhead shirkes, reproduction success, fencelines and, 281-284 Kakerori (Pomarea dimidiata), 1078-1085 Loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta), 854 Kalmia, 1073 Logging, fragmentation of deciduous forests and, 295—297 Kalmia latifolia (Mountain laurel), 1112 Longfin smelt (Spirinchus thaleichthys), 869 Kangaroo rat (Dipodomys agilis), 817 Longicorn cerambyx (Cerambyx cerdo), 954 Kangaroo rat (Dipodomys merriami), 817 Longicorn rosaria (Rosalia alpina), 954 Kangaroo rat (Dipodomys spectabilis), 817-819 Longleaf pine (Pinus palustris), 27, 1049 Karaka (Elaeocarpus), 1080 Long-tailed Cuckoos (Eudynamis taitensis), 1082 Kemp's ridley turtle (Lepidochelys kempi), 853-855 Long-tailed Tit (Aegithalos caudatus), 540 Koko (Bischofia javanica), 1080 Lonicera japonica, 825, 826 Krameria grayii, 464 Lopbocereus schottii (senita cactus), 463 Lotus purshianus, 695 Louisiana black bear (Ursus americanus luteolus), 984 Lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium), 1088 Lactoris fernandeziana, 277—279 Lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium vacillans), 1112 Ladoga camilla, 376 Lowland bison (Bison bonasus bonasus), 167-171 Lagarostrobos franklinii, 218 Loxodonta africana (African elephants), 163 Lagopus scotius (Red grouse ), 117 Lucanus cercus (stag beetle), 954 Lake Tanganyika, Africa, 330—332 Luebopsis boebnei, 233 Lama pacos (alpacas) , 655-656 Luehopsis hoehnei (Tiliceae), 231 Lampetra ayersi (river lamprey ), 869 Lungworm-pneumonia complex, in bighorn sheep, 658-659 Lampetra tridentata (Pacific lamprey ), 869 Lycaon pictus (African wild dog), 158-159 Land management, in Brazilian Amazon, 196—206 Lycium andersonii, 464, 467 Landscape Lycium tridentata, 467 integrated design, 752—760 Lycium (wolfberry ), 1100 nesting and, 151 Lycopodium inundatum, 952 spatial configuration, 53—54 Lyme disease (Lyme borreliosis), 343-349 structural restoration after fire, 763-768 Lymnocryptes minimus (Jack Snipe ), 537 Landscape structure Lynx rufus (bobcat), 284 dynamic, 55-56 Lyonia ferruginea (fetterbush ), 1049 Static, 51-54 Lyrurus tetrix (Black Grouse), 455 Land-use history, commercial forest usage, plant demography and, 298-299 Lysiloma divaricata, 1135 Laniocera bypopirrha, 548 Lysimachia (forbs), 1088 Larch bud moth (Zeiraphera griseana), 953 Lark (Chondestes grammacus), 1103 Larrea (creosotebush ), 632 Larrea tridentata, 462, 463 Macaca, 111 Larrea tridentata (creosote bush), 684 Macaca nemestrina (pig-tailed macaques), 341 Larus argentatus (Herring Gulls), 776 MacGillivray’s (Oporornis tolmei), 1104 Lava lizards (Tropidurus), 569 Madagascar, Masoala Peninsula of, 394-395 Layia discoidea, 1021 Magpie (Pica pica), 23 Lazuli buntings (Passerina amoena), 671 Maine, grassland birds, habitat area and, 1087-1095 Least Bell’s Vireo (Vireo bellii pusillus), 1099 Malaxis paludosa, 952 Leontopichecus chrysopygus (Black lion tamarin ), 940 Male mating success, 184 Leontopithecus, 940 Male yellow-bellied toad (Bombina variegata), 67 Leopard frog (Rana pipiens), 61, 64, 82 Mammals Leopard (Panthera paradus), 964, 966, 968 Australian, decline and extinction of, 439-447 Leopardus paradalus (Ocelot), 964, 966 diversity in Selva Lacandona, Chiapas, Mexico, 780-799 Lepidochelys kempi (Kemp's ridley turtle ), 853—855 large, natural die-offs of, 410-416 Lepidoptera, 726 minimal viable population density, 732-743 Leptonycteris (bat), 462 small, drought-induced soil cracks as refuge for, 577-579 Lepus americanus (hare), 899 Manacus manacus, 547 Lerrea tridentata, 464 Managers, ecosystem management and, 33 Lespedeza bicolor, 826 Manduca quincemaculata (sphingid moth), 466 Lesser spot-nosed monkey (Cercopithecus petaurista), 108-112 Maned wolves (Chysocyon brachyurus), 118 Lesser Spotted Woodpecker (Dendrocopos minor), 540 Manilkara bidentata (Ausubo), 1124 Liatrus borealis (Northern Blazing Star), 1095 Marbled salamander (Ambystoma opacum), 61 Ligustrum sinense, 826, 828 Margays (Leopardus weidii), 966 Limosa limosa (Black-tailed Godwit), 954 Marmota marmota (marmot), 957 Lion (Pantbera leo), 968 Martes americana (American marten), 368, 1058-1067 human conflict, in Gir Forest, India, 501-506 Martes foina (Beech marten), 957 predation by, 158-159 Masdevallia (orchid taxa), 430 Liparis loeselii, 952 Mato (Homalium acuminatum), 1080 Lippia palmeri, 464 Mauritius Pink Pigeon (Columba mayeri ), 116 Ligiudambar styraciflua (sweetgum ), 824, 825, 826, 1112 Maytenus (Celastraceae), 235 Liriodendron tulipifera, 296, 1072 Maytenus pbyllantboides, 464 Little leaf palo verde (Cercidium micropbyllum), 463 Meadow Pipit (Antbus pratensis), 537 Livestock grazing, 613-616, 919-921 Melanerpes uropygialis (Gila Woodpeckers ), 671 ecological costs, 629-638 Melastomataceae (Tibouchina), 974 Conservation Biology Volume 8, No. 4, December 1994 1184 Subject Index, Volume 8 Meleagris gallopavo (wild turkeys), 117 Mountain goat (Oreamnos americanus), 898-900 Mellicta athalia, 375 Mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia), 1112 Mellicta cinxia, 375 Mountain lion (Felis concolor), 131 Melochia tomentosa, 464 Mountain plovers (Charadrius montanus), 678 Mempbis spp., 805 Mourning Doves (Zenaida macroura), 671, 776 Menidia beryllina (tidewater silversides ), 382 Mule deer (Odocoileus bemionus), 657, 686 Mepbitis mepbitis (striped skunk), 18, 284 Multiple-use planning, for forest resources, 452 Merriam’s kangaroo rat (Dipodomys), 685 Muscardinidae all species (Doormouse ), 957 Mertensia, 1073, 1074, 1075 Muscivora tyrannus, 550 Mertensia virginica, 1076 Musk ox (Ovibos moschatus), 656 Mesquite (Prosopis velutina), 462, 463 Muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus), 899 Mestizo people, forest type usefulness for, 226-237 Muskrats (Ondatra zibethicus), 715 Mestizo/ribereno, 234 Mustela lutreola (European mink, stoat), 957 Meta-analysis, 555-559 Mustela nigripes (black-footed ferrets), 116, 263-265, 679 limitations of, 558-559 Mustela nivalis (weasel), 957 single vs. multiple measures of effect, 558 MVPD (minimal viable population density ), 732-743 Metapopulations Mycobacterium, 655 colonization and, 375-376 Mycobacterium avium, 118 mosaics and, 376-377 Myiopagis caniceps, 549 Mexican golden trout (Oncorbynchus chrysogaster), 866 Myrmotberula obscura, 547 Mexican-United Scates border, biodiversity of, 383-384 Myrrmeciza athrotorax, 547 Mexico, 379-381 Myrtle oak (Quercus myrtifolia), 1049 Baja California Sur, forest management in, 1132-1139 Mysis relicta, 954 basin management, 384 Comarca Laguera, 382-383 development, critical limits to, 384—385 fish fauna of, 383-384 National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), 365 Monterrey, water in, 383 National Forest Management Act (NFMA), 365 northern, water in, 381-382 Natterjack toad (bufo calamita), 61 regional planning for, 384 Natural alleles, stochastic sampling and, 41—42 Selva Lacandona, Chiapas, mammal diversity in, 780-799 Natural selection Sonora, coastal plain of, 383 quantitative genetic variation and, 42—43 Microbates collaris, 547 wildlife disease and, 657 Microsporidean protozoan (Plistopbora myotropbica), 82 NAWMP (North American Waterfowl Management Plan), 333 Microstegium vimineum, 826, 828 Neinei (Fitchia speciosa), 1080 Microtus ocbrogaster (prairie voles), 578 Nematode (Trichostrongylus tenuis), 117 Migrations, 376 Neoseps reynoldsi, 1052, 1055 stopover habitat quality and, 483—488 Neotoma lepida (desert woodrat ), 648 Mimosa xantii, 1136 Neotoma spp. (wood rats), 688 Minimally viable nabitai, 984-985 Neotropical butterflies, monitoring, 800-809 Minimal viable population density (MVPD), 732-743 Neotropical countries Minimum set analysis, for extinction probability, 398-409 biodiversity loss prediction, stochastic model for, 425—435 Minnesota, boundary waters canoe area, landscape restoration after fire, 763— deforestation estimates for, 432 768 extinction predictions for, 432—433, 435 Mires (Ruff Philomachus pugnax), 537 extinction rates in, 433 Mistle Thrush (Turdus viscivorus), 539 species distributions in, 430—432 Mitchella repens, 825 taxa distribution profiles for, 429 Mitochondrial DNA, 355-356 NEPA (National Environmental Policy Act), 365 Mitochondrial DNA polymorphism, Chinook salmon, 882-884 Nerodia barteri (Concho river snake ), 983 Mitochondrial DNA variation, in black rhinoceros, 495—499 New Jersey, forest-nesting birds in, narrow corridors and, 1109-1119 Models New Mexico age-structured demographic, 810-819 avian species richness in, 1098-1106 in detection of rare alleles, 267—269 human-altered water sources, wildlife and, 682—689 Moisture stress hypothesis, 81 New Mexico olive (Forestiera neomexicana), 1100 Moisture-temperature relations, amphibian declines and, 75-76 Newt (Taricha rivularis), 67 Mole salamander (Ambystoma talpoideum), 61, 65, 67 New Zealand robbins (Petroica australis australis and P.a longipes), 860 Mollinedia killipii, 231 NFMA (National Forest Management Act), 365 Molotbrus ater (brown-headed cowbird), 22, 153, 286, 671 Niche, 656 Molotbrus bonariensis (Shiny Cowbird ), 514 Night-blooming cereus (Peniocereus striatus), 461 Monacha-lucida, 423 Nolina beldingii, 1136 Monarda (warm-season forbs ), 693 Nonnula brunnea, 548 Monasa, 551 North American bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana), 75 Mongoose (Herpestes auropunctatus), 1079 North American Waterfowl Management Plan (NAWMP), 333 Monitoring, 31 North Carolina, Roanoke River basin, vegetation in edge-to-interior gradients, Neotropical butterflies, 800—809 822-830 Montagu’s Harrier (Circus pygargus), 954 Northern Blazing Star (Liatrus borealis), 1095 Moose (Alces aices), 159, 455, 657 Northern brush-tailed possum (Trichosurus vulpecula arnbemensis), 439 Morone saxatalis (striped bass), 903 Northern dingy fritillary (Boloria improba), 87, 89, 90, 91, 93 Morone saxatilis (striped bass), 869 Northern Goshawk (Accipiter gentilis), 366, 636 Morus rubra, 825 Northern Oriole (Icterus galbula), 1102, 1142 Mosquitoe (Culex pipiens), 420 Northern Pintail (Anas acuta), 954 Mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis), 44, 420 Northern Shoveler (Anas clypeata), 954 Motacilla flava (yellow wagtail), 537 Northern Spotted Owl (Strix occidentalis caurina), 185-194, 983 Mt. Graham red squirrel (Tamiasciuris budsonicus grabamensis), 977-987 Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus), 1079 Conservation Biology Volume 8, No. 4, December 1994