Consciousness and Self-Regulation Advances in Research VOLUME 1 A Continuation Order Plan is available for this series. A continuation order will bring delivery of each new volume immediately upon publication. Volumes are billed only upon actual shipment. For further information please contact the publisher. Consciousness and Self-Regulation Advances in Research VOLUME 1 Edited by GARY E. SCHWARTZ Yale University and DAVID SHAPIRO University of California, Los Angeles PLENUM PRESS· NEW YORK AND LONDON Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Main entry under title: Consciousness and self-regulation. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Consciousness. 2. Self-control. I. Schwartz, Gary E., 1944- II. Shapiro, David, 1924- BF311.C64 153.8 76-8907 ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-2570-3 e-ISBN -13: 978-1-4684-2568-0 DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4684-2568-0 © 1976 Plenum Press, New York Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1976 A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation 227 West 17th Street, New York, N.Y. 10011 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfJlming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher Articles Planned for Future Volumes , , Gyorgy Adam Interoception, Awareness, and Behavior Bernard Glueck and Charles Stroebel Transcendental Meditation: Comparison to EEG Biofeedback Jerre Levy Brain and Consciousness: Cerebral Asymmetry A. R. Luria Brain and Consciousness: Functional Systems Approach Wesley Lynch Biofeedback: Temperature Regulation F. J. McGuigan Imagery and Thinking: The Motor System Martin T. Orne EEG Biofeedback: Relationship to Anxiety Robert Ornstein Dual Modes of Consciousness Kenneth S. Pope and Jerome Singer Regulation of the Stream of Thought Larry Roberts Biofeedback: Use of Curare Judith Rodin Perception and Externality: Obesity Harold Sackeim and Rubin Gur Sel/Confrontation, Sel/Deception, and Consciousness Bernard Tursky and Milton Lodge Subjective Experience: Psychophysics, Applications to Assessment of Pain, and Political Opinion Takami Wananabe Meditation: Japanese Research Matisyohu Weisenberg Sel/Regulation Therapies: Pain Norman Zinberg Drugs: Interaction of Set and Setting Contributors THOMAS D. BORKOVEc, Department of Psychology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa MONTE BUCHSBAUM, Unit on Perceptual and Cognitive Studies, Adult Psychiatry Branch, Division of Clinical and Behavioral Research, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland THOMAS H. BUDZYNSKI, Department of Psychiatry, University of Colo rado Medical School and Biofeedback Institute of Denver, Denver, Colorado DAVID B. COHEN, Department of Psychology, University of Texas, Austin, Texas DAVID R. ENGSTROM, Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior and Student Health Service, University of California, Irvine, California ERNEST R. HILGARD, Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, California E. Roy JOHN, Departments of Psychiatry and Physiology, New York Medical College, New York, New York DONALD MEICHENBAUM, Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada KARL H. PRmRAM, Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, California vii Preface The first and foremost concrete fact which every one will affirm to belong to his inner experience is the fact that consciousness of some sort goes on. I -William James, 1893 We are witnessing today a mounting interest among behavioral and biological scientists in problems long recognized as central to our understanding of human nature, yet until recently considered out of the bounds of scientific psychology and physiology. Sometimes thrown into the heading of "altered states of consciousness," this growing research bears directly upon such time-honored questions as the nature of conscious experience, the mind-body relationship, and volition. If one broadly views this research as encompassing the two interrelated areas of consciousness and self-regulation, one can find many relevant contemporary examples of creative and experimentally sophisticated approaches, including research on the regulation of perception and sensory experience, attention, imagery and thinking, emotion and pain; hypnosis and meditation; biofeedback and volun tary control; hemispheric asymmetry and specialization of brain func tion; drug-induced subjective states; and biological rhythms. Because the material is spread over many different kinds of publications and disciplines, it is difficult for anyone person to keep fully abreast of the significant advances. The overall aim of the new Plenum Series in Consciousness and Self-Regulation: Advances in Research is to provide a scholarly forum for discussing integration of these diverse areas by presenting some of the best current research and theory. It is our hope that these volumes will enable investigators to I William James, Psychology: Briefer Course (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1893), p.152. ix x PREFACE become more well-rounded in related areas of research, as well as provide advanced students with a ready means of obtaining up-to date, state-of-the-art information about relevant problems, theories, methods, and findings. By selecting significant developments in theory and research, we also hope that over the years the series can help legitimate the field as a scientific venture as well as delineate critical issues for further investigation. Psychology and biology are going through a reawakening, and research on the issues to which this series is devoted is helping to bring these fields closer together. History tells us that Wundt founded psychology as the science of consciousness, and James expanded it to encompass "such things as sensations, desires, emotions, cognitions, reasonings, decisions, volitions and the like."2 But these ideals could not be achieved, or so it seemed, and psychology turned away from questions of experience and volition, as well as from biology, and was replaced with behaviorism. The transformation was arduous, and it required a certain allowance for inconsistency. For example, Edmund Jacobson, one of the pioneers in the psychophysiology of higher mental processes, recalled, "Lashley told me with a chuckle that when he and Watson would spend an evening together, working out principles of behaviorism, much of the time would be devoted to introspection."3 In William James: Unfinished Business (1969), Mandler summarized the good points, and the bad points, of this era of psychology in his "Acceptance of Things Past and Present: A Look at the Mind and the Brain." He aptly noted: I think the Watsonian behaviorist development was inevitable-I think it was even healthy-if we learn not to do it again. Watson and the behaviorists did, once and for all, clean up the problem of the proper data language for psychology. In that sense, we are all behaviorists. The behaviorists inveighed against an establishment which imported theoreti cal notions and hypotheses into purely descriptive realms of psychology. They successfully excluded vague notions about the causes of behavior the introspective statements-from the facts of psychology. But in the process the Watsonians felt called upon to do the reverse and to remove complex and imaginative models from psychology. ... Behaviorism has been one of the most antitheoretical movements in science .... 2 Ibid., p. 1. 3 Jacobson, "Electrophysiology of Mental Activities and Introduction to the Psychologi cal Process of Thinking." In F. J. McGuigan and R. A. Schoonover (Eds.), The Psychophysiology of Thinking (New York: Academic Press, 1973), p. 14. PREFACE xi ... I submit that it was this anti theoretical stance that prevented any close attention to physiology .... If the mechanisms we postulate are "like" physiological mechanisms, then we will have heeded James in modem terms. But if we are, as we were, afraid to postulate complex mental mechanisms, we will never find the corresponding complex phy siological mechanisms.' This series is dedicated to William James, emphasizing the integration and patterning of multiple processes, coupled with the most significant advances in methodology and knowledge. Some of the chapters will be broad-based and theoretical; others will focus on specific research problems or applications. Inclusion of material in all cases is determined by the investigator's focus on or concern with consciousness and related processes, whether in normal or in abnor mal populations. While the editors have a decided bias toward biologically oriented approaches to consciousness and self-regulation, papers that deal primarily with cognition or self-report are included when of particular significance to these topics. Since important find ings in this area are often derived from the study of clinical popula tions and are of direct relevance to the assessment and treatment of psychological and psychophysiological disorders, chapters dealing with basic research are interwoven with chapters of more clinical concern. In this way it is hoped that the series can provide a fertile interchange between the basic and applied sides of this area. To help the reader understand the perspective and rationale for the diverse selections comprising a given volume, a brief overview of each volume is presented by the editors. The impetus for and organization of the series grows out of student response to our interdiSCiplinary seminars at Harvard on the psychophysiology of consciousness, emotion, and self-regulation, cou pled with the enthusiasm and support of Seymour Weingarten, Senior Editor of Plenum. Their input, and prodding, is gratefully acknowl edged. GARY E. SCHWARTZ DAVID SHAPIRO 4 G. Mandler, "Acceptance of Things Past and Present: A Look at the Mind and the Brain." In R. B. MacLeod (Ed.), William James: Unfinished Business (Washington, D.C. American Psychological Association, 1969), pp. 13, 14.