" and Violence Lebanon: in Confrontation in the Middle East alid Khalidi 9047 00 23373 9 956.9204 KHALIUI, WALID CONFLICT AND VIOLENCE IN LEBANON... 2 0 1993 80 05796 f San Mateo Public Library San Mateo, CA 94402 “Questions Answered’’ Digitized by the Internet Archive 2015 in https://archive.org/details/conflictviolenceOOkhal CONFLICT AND VIOLENCE IN LEBANON: Confrontation in the Middle East HARVARDSTUDIES ININTERNATIONALAFFAIRS Number38 AND CONFLICT VIOLENCE IN LEBANON: Confrontation in the Middle East by Walid Khalidi Publishedbythe CenterforInternationalAffairs HarvardUniversity Public Library San Mateo, CA © Copyright 1979bythe President andFellows ofHarvard College Library ofCongress Catalog CardNumber 77-89806 ISBN 0-87674-037-9 (Cloth) ISBN0-87674-038-7 (Paper) Printedin theUnited StatesofAmerica All rights reserved. This book may not be reproduced in whole or in part by mimeography, photoduplication, or any other means without the prior written consent of the publisher. Center for International Affairs, Harvard University, 1737 Cambridge Street, Cambridge, MA 02138. The Center for International Affairs is happy to provide a forum for the expression of responsible views. It does not, however, necessarily agree with them. Harvard University Center for International Affairs Executive Committee SAMUEL P. HUNTINGTON, Frank G. Thomson Professor of Govern- ment, Director ROBERT R. BOWIE, Clarence Dillon Professor of International Affairs (on leave 1977-1979) JORGE I.DOMINGUEZ, Professor of Government PAUL DOTY, Mallinckrodt Professor of Biochemistry C. CLYDE FERGUSON, JR., Professor of Law LESTER E. GORDON, Director of Harvard Institute for International Development DOUGLAS HIBBS, Professor of Government STANLEY HOFFMANN, Professor of Government HERBERT C. KELMAN, Richard Clarke Cabot Professor of Social Ethics JOSEPH S. NYE, JR., Professor of Government SIDNEY VERBA, Professor of Government RAYMOND VERNON, Herbert F. Johnson Professor of International Business Management and Clarence Dillon Professor of International Affairs Created in 1958, the Center for International Affairs fosters advanced study of basic world problems by scholars from various disciplines and senior officials from many countries. The research of the Center focuses on economic, social, andpolitical development; themanagement offorce in the modern world; the problems and relations of advanced industrial societies; transnational processes and international order; and tech- nology and international affairs. The Harvard Studies in International Affairs, which are listed at the back of this book, may be ordered from the Publications Office, Center for International Affairs, 1737 Cambridge Street, Cambridge, Mass. 02138. Recent books written under the auspices of the Center, listed on thelast pages, maybe obtainedfrombookstores or ordered directly from the publishers. 5 About the Author Walid Khalidi, a Palestinian professor of Political Studies at the AmericanUniversity ofBeirut, is a graduate of the University of London and Oxford University. He has taught at Oxford and Harvard, and has been a ResearchAssociate at PrincetonUniversity aswell as at the Center for International Affairs and the Center for Middle Eastern Studies, Harvard University. CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 9 PREFACE 13 1. GLOSSARY 15 MAPS 27 THE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 33 1 From theFrenchOccupationtoIndependence: . 1920-1943 33 2. From Independence to the Civil War: 1943- 1975 37 2. THE CIVIL WAR 47 1. From Ain Rummaneh, April 1975, to the Franjieh-Karami Accord, November 1975 47 2. From the Franjieh-Karami Accord to Fran- jieh's Constitutional Document, February 1976 50 3. From the Constitutional Document to the Election of President Sarkis, May 1976 53 4. From the Election of Sarkis to the Syrian En- try into Lebanon, June 1976 56 5. From the Syrian Entry to the Beginning of the Sarkis Administration, September 1976 58 6. From the Inauguration of Sarkis to the End of General Hostilities 63 THE ACTORS 67 3. 1. The Lebanese 67 2. The Palestinians 79 3. The Arab Countries 82 4. The Non-Arab Countries 87 THE INTERPLAY BETWEEN EXTERNAL AND 4. INTERNAL FACTORS 93 1. Looking Outside the Lebanese Box 93 2. Looking Inside the Lebanese Box 95 3. The Failure of a Model 99