CONFLICT AND CONVERSION This page intentionally left blank fl Con ict and Conversion – Catholicism in Southeast Asia, 1500 1700 TARA ALBERTS 1 3 GreatClarendonStreet,Oxford,OX26DP, UnitedKingdom OxfordUniversityPressisadepartmentoftheUniversityofOxford. ItfurtherstheUniversity’sobjectiveofexcellenceinresearch,scholarship, andeducationbypublishingworldwide.Oxfordisaregisteredtrademarkof OxfordUniversityPressintheUKandincertainothercountries #TaraAlberts2013 Themoralrightsoftheauthorhavebeenasserted FirstEditionpublishedin2013 Impression:1 Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedin aretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,withoutthe priorpermissioninwritingofOxfordUniversityPress,orasexpresslypermitted bylaw,bylicenceorundertermsagreedwiththeappropriatereprographics rightsorganization.Enquiriesconcerningreproductionoutsidethescopeofthe aboveshouldbesenttotheRightsDepartment,OxfordUniversityPress,atthe addressabove Youmustnotcirculatethisworkinanyotherform andyoumustimposethissameconditiononanyacquirer PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyOxfordUniversityPress 198MadisonAvenue,NewYork,NY10016,UnitedStatesofAmerica BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData Dataavailable LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2013940847 ISBN 978–0–19–964626–5 PrintedinGreatBritainby CPIGroup(UK)Ltd,Croydon,CR04YY LinkstothirdpartywebsitesareprovidedbyOxfordingoodfaithand forinformationonly.Oxforddisclaimsanyresponsibilityforthematerials containedinanythirdpartywebsitereferencedinthiswork. For my parents, with love. This page intentionally left blank Acknowledgements This book began its life as a PhD thesis written under the supervision of Mary LavenattheUniversityofCambridge.FirstandforemostIamextremelygratefulto her for being the ideal supervisor and for all her help and support over the years. Ialsooweadebtofgratitudetoagreatnumberofpeoplefortheirgenerousadvice, support, and stimulating discussions which helped to shape this project from its earliest days. For sharing references, pointing me in new directions, and offering encouragement,especialthankstoManuelButtigieg,RitaBernardesdeCarvalho, John Cornwell, Nicholas Davidson, Simon Ditchfield, Richard Drayton, Peter Garnsey, Tim Harper, Thirza Hope, David R. M. Irving, Regalado Trota Jose, Michael O’Brian, Adam Perry, Antonella Romano, Ulinka Rublack, Luciano P. R. Santiago, and Alan Strathern. Many thanks to Rebecca Flemming, Natalie Fullwood,ElisabethGrisoni, Lauren Pearce, andClare Willan forchecking many ofmytranslations. Without the patience, assistance, and helpfuladvice ofthe staff at a number of librariesandarchives,thisbookwouldhavebeenimpossibletoresearch.Iamvery thankfulto the archivists and librarians of the Archives de laSociété des Missions Étrangères and the Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Paris; the Archives of the University of Santo Tomas, Manila; the Archivio Storico della Congregazione ‘de PropagandaFide’andthe ArchivioSegretoVaticano,VaticanCity;theArchivum Generalis Ordinis Prædicatorum, the Archivum Romanum Societatis Iesu, the BibliotecaCasanatense,andtheBibliotecaNazionaleCentrale,Rome;theArquivo HistóricoUltramarino, the Arquivos Nacionais TorredoTombo,andthe Biblio- teca da Ajuda, Lisbon; the British Library; Cambridge University Library; the Historical Archives of Goa; King’s College archives, University of London; and StonyhurstCollege,Lancashire. I’m also very grateful for the generous support of the Arts and Humanities Research Council of the UK for funding my PhD research and to Newnham CollegeandJesusCollege,UniversityofCambridgeandtheEuropeanUniversity InstituteMaxWeberProgrammeforprovidingsuchcongeniallocationstoworkon thisbook.ThankstootoStephanieIrelandandCathrynSteeleatOxfordUniver- sity Press for their patience and care as editors, and to Tom Chandler for his efficientandthoroughcopy-editing. Finally,manythankstomyfriendsandfamilyfortheirmoralsupport,practical help,andforpatientlylisteningtometalkaboutmissionariesforsolong. This page intentionally left blank Contents ListofIllustrations xi ListofAbbreviations xii Preface xiv Introduction:TheCrossroadsoftheWorld 1 I. MISSIONARY STRUCTURES AND NETWORKS 1. TheArrivalofCatholicMissionaries1511–1600 17 2. RomeTakesCharge:ANewLayerofJurisdiction1600–1690 34 3. AssessmentsofConversionPotential 47 II. MISSIONARY METHODS 4. WhatTypeofPeopleAreYou?PerformingtheMissionaryIdentity 89 5. ToolsofEvangelization:CatechismsandCatholicLiteratures 120 III. CONVERTS TO CHRISTIANITY 6. EssentialRites?ConvertsandtheSacramentsoftheChurch 131 7. SoutheastAsianCatholicDevotions 147 8. CatholicWomen:Nuns,Martyrs,Apostles,andApostates 160 9. FreeingtheSoulsofSlaves 180 Conclusion 200 Bibliography 208 Index 239