ANSI Workshop Report Standards and Codes for Electric Drive Vehicles April 5 – 6, 2011 n Bethesda, MD TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................ 2 2.0 Workshop Overview ........................................................................................................................... 4 3.0 Summary of Presentations1 and Panel Discussions ............................................................................ 5 4.0 Summary of Breakout Group Discussions ........................................................................................ 17 5.0 Summary of Priorities in Written Responses to Focus Questions .................................................... 29 6.0 Conclusions and Next Steps .............................................................................................................. 33 Appendix 1 – Breakout Group Reports ..................................................................................................... 34 Appendix 2 – Written Responses to Focus Questions .............................................................................. 56 Appendix 3 – Workshop Agenda ............................................................................................................... 77 Appendix 4 – Workshop Participants ........................................................................................................ 81 1 The workshop presentations and an audio recording of the general sessions are available at www.ansi.org/edv. ANSI Workshop Report: Standards and Codes for Electric Drive Vehicles Page 1 of 84 1.0 Executive Summary On April 5-6, 2011, the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) convened a codes and standards needs assessment workshop on behalf of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and the Idaho National Laboratory. The workshop explored what codes, standards, and conformity assessment programs are needed to facilitate the large-scale deployment of light-, medium-, and heavy-duty on-road electric drive vehicles (EDVs), meaning vehicles that are recharged via connection to the electrical grid. The workshop format included presentations and panel discussions on day one focused on U.S. based standards activities (infrastructure and vehicle), international and regional standards activities, and code, conformance and training issues. Day two focused on gaps identification via breakout group discussions on the vehicle, associated infrastructure and related support services. The Call to Action The backdrop for convening a workshop on this topic was noted at the outset: the knowledge that EDVs will promote energy security by reducing our nation’s dependence on foreign oil, they provide environmental benefits by reducing carbon emissions which contribute to climate change, and their widespread introduction into the marketplace will create jobs and promote economic growth. There is consumer interest to “go electric” but consumers are also uncertain about the range of the vehicles and whether the necessary charging station infrastructure is in place to meet their driving needs. In response to these market demands, both government and industry are responding with the necessary resources and innovations. In his January 2011 State of the Union address, President Barack Obama announced the goal of one million electric vehicles on U.S. roads by 2015. There is an enormous opportunity to grow this emerging industry. It was acknowledged that the move to EDVs represents a major shift in our national automotive landscape. The standardization community has a critical job to do to facilitate the large scale introduction of EDVs into the market to ensure that the technologies and infrastructure are safe and effective. A public-private partnership is needed to move this work forward quickly and effectively. To address this emerging issue of national and global significance, ANSI has formed an Electric Vehicles Standards Panel (EVSP). The panel will offer a neutral forum where public and private sector stakeholders can work cooperatively toward solutions that will help build the market for EDVs. Priority Area: Coordination and Harmonization The overarching conclusion of the April workshop was a call for better coordination and harmonization of standardization efforts. There is no single umbrella organization coordinating all of this work. Instead, there is a proliferation of coordinating bodies and forums that stakeholders must participate in which strains resources. A standardization roadmap for North America would help to establish priorities for what needs to be done. A matrix of the various coordinating bodies and standards activities would also help stakeholders to navigate the various activities taking place and facilitate global harmonization. ANSI Workshop Report: Standards and Codes for Electric Drive Vehicles Page 2 of 84 The interoperability of electric cars with the charging infrastructure was identified as a key area for discussion with respect to harmonization, including the need for North America and Europe to quickly decide about moving forward in harmony. Coordination is also needed on such areas as residential applications, metering, preferential rates, time of use, and communications protocols. Work toward national consistency on permitting (“permit by notification”) would also be desirable, and could be extended to local jurisdictions. Priority Area: Consumer Acceptance It was recognized that consumer acceptance is key to the growth of the market for EDVs. The workshop identified as a priority the need to nurture consumer confidence. Primarily, this can be accomplished by providing more information about issues such as vehicle range, fuel efficiency, availability of charging locations, equivalencies between EDVs and traditional vehicles, and the customer’s experience over the long term. It was suggested that this could be achieved in part through a centralized, easy-to-use website, perhaps expanding fueleconomy.gov. And of course safety is paramount. Priority Area: Conformance and Training Conformity assessment and training programs that can increase consumer confidence in the products and people involved in the market for EDVs was identified as another priority area. There was a call for third-party, nationally-recognized certification and testing of electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE) as a way to help ensure compatibility between the charging equipment and different vehicle types. Enhanced standards for labeling of vehicles and components would also be desirable. Conformity assessment is needed to ensure the authenticity of vehicle components, supply chain integrity, and battery safety. In terms of assuring the availability of qualified personnel to address issues with EDVs, a number of training initiatives were discussed. Enhancements to efforts already underway could take the form of accredited certification programs and/or certificate training programs for multiple stakeholders. These would include: insurance adjusters, service technicians, emergency responders, authorities having jurisdiction for enforcement of local codes, and others. National training organizations and academic institutions should get involved in the development and dissemination of such training. ANSI Workshop Report: Standards and Codes for Electric Drive Vehicles Page 3 of 84 2.0 Workshop Overview In his January 2011 State of the Union address, President Barack Obama announced the goal to have one million electric drive vehicles (EDVs) on U.S. roads by 2015. Consumers also have indicated their interest in EDVs, or vehicles that must be connected to the electric grid for recharging of their propulsion energy storage systems. According to a May 2011 survey by the Consumer Reports National Research Center, 73% of consumers are at least considering purchasing alternative fuel vehicles.2 With an estimated 200 million licensed drivers currently on U.S. roads today, that equates to 146 million consumers who are potentially interested in going electric. To help accommodate this major shift in our national automotive landscape, the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) convened a codes and standards needs assessment workshop on behalf of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and the Idaho National Laboratory. The April 5-6, 2011, event brought together nearly 120 in-person attendees and another 30 webinar participants from a range of stakeholder groups. The workshop examined the codes, standards, conformity assessment, and training programs needed to facilitate the successful introduction and widespread acceptance and deployment of light-, medium-, and heavy-duty on-road EDVs. The first day of the workshop began with two panels on U.S.-based standards activities addressing infrastructure and vehicles. These were followed by a panel on international and regional standards activities. Day one closed with a panel on code, conformance, and training issues. From vehicle charging modes and connectors to battery safety standards to training for first responders, the wide-ranging challenges and priorities for successful EDV deployment were the focus of discussions. The second day of the workshop consisted of three concurrent facilitated breakout sessions that provided attendees an opportunity for in-depth discussion of the standards, codes, and conformance issues related to electric vehicles, the associated infrastructure, and related support services. Participants identified areas of concern and made recommendations for additional standards programs that may be needed. The groups then reported back to the general session on their priority areas. Participants were given specific focus questions and worksheets to guide the discussions and they were encouraged to provide written responses to supplement what was said. 2 Consumer Reports National Research Center. 2011. Auto Pulse #23: Car Buying: 5. ANSI Workshop Report: Standards and Codes for Electric Drive Vehicles Page 4 of 84 3.0 Summary of Presentations and Panel Discussions (April 5, 2011) 3 Day One: April 5, 2011 3.1 Welcome In her opening remarks, ANSI senior vice president and chief operating officer Fran Schrotter highlighted the importance of collaboration in the standards and EDV communities to support this new technology: “The demand is there – and growing. But the manufacturing, systems, and infrastructure all need to get up to speed to meet this demand. All of us in the standardization community have an absolutely critical job to do to facilitate the large-scale introduction of EDVs into the marketplace. We need to make sure that the technologies and infrastructure are effective, safe, and ready to accommodate what will truly be a major shift in our national automotive landscape. “This is a terrific opportunity for the experts and leaders from the public and private sectors to join together and make concrete progress in streamlining the technological innovation that is going on in this emerging industry. And not a moment too soon here in the U.S., if we are to keep pace with other countries that are ramping up their EDV development.” Ms. Schrotter noted that ANSI has formed an Electric Vehicles Standards Panel (EVSP)4 to foster the public-private partnership in this area. The output from this workshop will be a key input to the efforts of the standards panel. 3.2 Keynote Address — U.S. DOE Programs Related to EDVs Patrick Davis, program manager for the Vehicle Technologies Program within the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, provided the workshop’s keynote address, detailing DOE initiatives in the EDV arena. Why Now? Energy efficient and electric cars have been on the automobile landscape for decades – why will they succeed this time? Mr. Davis outlined several reasons why EDVs will now have a huge impact in the industry. First, environmental challenges are becoming more urgent. Second, battery technology has greatly improved, allowing for more convenient and effective EDV technology. Finally, Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards continue to become more stringent each year, and automobile makers must adapt technology to comply. 3 The workshop presentations and an audio recording of the discussions are available at www.ansi.org/edv. 4 For more information about the ANSI EVSP, see www.ansi.org/evsp. ANSI Workshop Report: Standards and Codes for Electric Drive Vehicles Page 5 of 84 Standards and Codes Support Consumer Acceptance While technology for EDV is improving and expanding rapidly, no impact will be felt unless consumers embrace the new vehicles. Standards and codes play an important role in facilitating the public’s trust, acceptance, and widespread use of new technology, and EDVs will be no exception. Identification of Gaps Mr. Davis underscored the importance of finding the gaps in the nation’s path towards EDV development and use as one of the key purposes of the workshop. The U.S. uses petroleum for nearly 95% of its transportation needs, totaling one billion dollars spent per day on imported petroleum. A thorough assessment of how to facilitate the widespread use of EDVs is the first step in reducing American reliance on petroleum. Better Batteries The continual development in battery technology is a major factor in the success of EDVs. Mr. Davis outlined DOE battery innovation initiatives, which have brought about dramatic cost reduction and improved functionality. Two billion dollars of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA) has been allocated towards EDVs, much of it related to battery technology. 1.5 billion dollars in funding is dedicated to accelerating the manufacturing and deployment of the next generation of U.S. batteries, and an additional 500 million dollars is dedicated to EDV components manufacturing. With 20 battery projects underway currently, DOE continues to develop batteries that will meet the needs of next generation vehicles. Ready? Set? Charge! Mr. Davis emphasized the key role that efficient, effective, and inexpensive charging stations will play in EDV popularity across the nation. The first step is developing the home charging station infrastructure. Currently, cost and installation delays are significant barriers in this process. Following home charging stations will be the implementation of retail and workplace stations, and finally public stations. These will be expensive if not fully utilized, and must be expansive in order to accommodate need. Ultimately, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) are key to help initiate a pull for the development of a public infrastructure. ANSI Workshop Report: Standards and Codes for Electric Drive Vehicles Page 6 of 84 Transportation Electrification Demonstration Projects One EDV initiative currently underway is the 400 million dollar Transportation Electrification Demonstration Project, a nationwide effort to mine data to assist in the widespread deployment of EDV charging stations. The project includes the deployment of 13,000 electric vehicles, the installation of 22,000 charging stations, and funding of education programs, including two for service technicians and one for first responders on how to handle accidents involving EDVs. Data collected in the project will include vehicle and charger performance, vehicle and charging utilization patterns and public charger use, the impact of various rate structures on charging habits, and the impact of vehicle charging on the electric grid. Working with Cities to Install Charging Infrastructure U.S. Vice President Joe Biden announced a new initiative in January 2011 to assist in establishing electric vehicle charging infrastructures within cities. The $200 million program aims to establish a comprehensive infrastructure plan; encourage locally-based public- and private- sector collaboration; leverage federal resources; streamline building permit approval and installation procedures; and support the initial build-out of the infrastructure. Clean Fleets Partnership Mr. Davis also outlined the Clean Fleets Partnership, an initiative announced in Spring 2011 by President Obama in which the government works with national vehicle fleet operators to reduce petroleum consumption. 3.3 Panel — U.S.-Based Standards Activities (Part 1, Infrastructure) Facilitated by Frank Hansen, Ph.D., program manager at Energetics, this session provided high-level overviews of the standards and codes landscape within the United States – what work is taking place and what remains to be done. The first panel addressed issues related to infrastructure; the second panel, vehicles. Panelists included:  Lee Slezak, Manager of Vehicle Systems, Vehicle Technologies Program, U.S. Department of Energy  Thomas S. Basso, Senior Engineer, National Renewable Energy Laboratory  Vishant Shah, Consultant, EnerNex Corp.  Alan Manche P.E., Director, Industry Standards, Schneider Electric ANSI Workshop Report: Standards and Codes for Electric Drive Vehicles Page 7 of 84 Discussion topics:  DOE perspective on the standards and codes landscape for electric drive vehicles  IEEE P2030.1, Guide for Electric-Sourced Transportation Infrastructure Working Group and IEEE 1547, Standard for Interconnecting Distributed Resources with Electric Power Systems  The Smart Grid Interoperability Panel Priority Action Plan 11 on Common Object Models for Electric Transportation, and V2G Domain Experts Working Group  Knitting together the codes and standards for the electric vehicle infrastructure – an industry perspective Who’s on First? Mr. Slezak noted that the development of standards and codes is a key initial step for the roll-out of EDVS to the public to be successful. Mr. Shah reported that the NIST Smart Grid Interoperability Panel (SGIP) Vehicle-to-grid (V2G) domain experts working group is slated to produce a roadmap related to EDV development by June. This roadmap aims to set a strategic direction and establish priorities. The Roles of Standards and Codes Mr. Slezak outlined the myriad roles that standards and codes play in the U.S., particularly their contributions to market penetration, safety, usability, and interoperability. Standards and codes can often contribute to lowering costs. He emphasized that consumer acceptance is highly important, and standards and codes play an important role in this as well. Let’s Work Together Voluntary consensus standards, such as those developed by industry partnerships with balanced stakeholder participation, are an important element of EDV development. Building on that idea, Mr. Basso called for harmonization of national and international standards to facilitate the most efficient and effective development of this technology. What Relevant Standards Exist? Mr. Basso provided an overview of IEEE standards currently existing or in development that can contribute to EDV development. These include IEEE 1547, a series of standards on interconnection, as well as IEEE P2030, a series of standards that addresses Smart Grid interoperability. New Standards and Codes Issues for EDVs Developing EDV technology and its increasing popularity in the marketplace has led to unique standards and codes issues. These include refueling and charging, connectivity with the grid, and interoperability of systems. How can our current standards and codes systems expand to facilitate these new elements? ANSI Workshop Report: Standards and Codes for Electric Drive Vehicles Page 8 of 84 EDV Standards Will Be Interrelated Mr. Manche offered an industry perspective on the types of standards and codes that will be needed, and how their close relationship to one another requires frequent communication and collaboration. Addressing everything from safety standards to building codes to interoperability requirements, standards and codes must work cohesively together to ensure a well-rounded, effective system. Gaps found in one area may also be found in another; similarly, changes in one area may have an impact in another. Information for Local Governments States looking for information on how to ensure that building codes and standards can accommodate electric vehicles will be guided by the DOE, which is utilizing its Clean Cities Program of 87 partnerships nationwide to assist local jurisdictions with this transition. Green Consumers Electric vehicles appeal to many consumers looking to reduce their environmental footprint. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is working on a proposal to establish how electric vehicles can be labeled to inform consumers of their environmental impact. Education for Industry Consumers As EDVs become more prevalent nationwide, the electrical industry and consumers alike will have many questions on this new technology. Panelists agreed that comprehensive education plans are critical to EDV success. Some education plans are already in place for the electrical industry, and the DOE is working with industry partners to develop several educational guidebooks directed at different audiences. Privacy, Please! Several attendees expressed concerns about privacy issues related to EDVs. Panelists agreed that privacy issues must be addressed; work is taking place within the SGIP to further explore this topic. Where Does the DOE Come in? The DOE’s role, outlined by Mr. Slezak, will include supporting the development and validation of several elements of EDV technology: the utility/grid operator, Home Energy Management/Home Area Network (HAN), Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE), and the Plug-In Electric/Hybrid Vehicle (PEV). Mr. Slezak emphasized that the DOE is a strong supporter of industry and standards developing organizations (SDO) efforts, as well as global harmonization efforts. ANSI Workshop Report: Standards and Codes for Electric Drive Vehicles Page 9 of 84