Conditions of Thought: Deleuze and Transcendental Ideas Plateaus - New Directions in Deleuze Studies ‘It.'s not ~ mat~er ?f bringing all sorts of things together under a single concept but rather of relating each concept to variables rhat explain its mutations.' Gilles Deleuze, Negotiations SerÍes Editors Ian Buchanan, Cardiff University Claire Colebrook, Penn State University Editorial Advisory Board Keirh Ansell Pearson Ronald Bogue Constantin V. Boundas Rosi Braidotti Eugene Holland Gregg Lambert Dorothea Olkowski Paul Patton Daniel Smith James Williams Titles available in the series Dorothea Olkowski，丁bβ U川，lh CοFηztÌJ刀1βωFηztalPh刀i川losotρ)hyy Christian Kerslake, Immanence and the Vertigo of Philosophy: From Kant to Delωze Jean-Clet Martin, Variations: The Philosophy of Gilles Deleuze, translated by Constantin V. Boundas and Susan Dyrkton Simone Bignall, Postcolonial Agency: Critique and COllstructìvism 如1iguel de Beistegui, Immanence: Deleuze and Philosophy Jean-Jacques Lecercle, Badiou and Deleuze Read Lìterature Ronald Bogue, Deleuzian Fabulatio1Z and the Scars of Hìstory Sean Bowden, The Priority o{ Events: Deleuze's Logic of Sense Craig Lundy, History and Becoming: Deleuze's Philosophy of Creativìty Aidan Tynan, Deleuze's Literary Clinic: Critìcism and the Polìtics of Symptoms 丁homas Nail, Returning to Revolution: Deleuze Guattari and Zapatismo François Zourabichvili, Deleuze: A Philosophy of the Event with The Vocabulary o{ Deleuze edited by Gregg Lambert and Daniel W. Smith, translated by Kieran Aarons Frida Beckman, Between Desire and Pleasure: A Deleuzian Theory of Sexuality Nadine Boljlωvac， Untimely A/卢， cts: Gilles Deleuze and an Ethics of Cinema Daniela Voss, Conditio1ZS o{ Thought: Deleuze and Transcendental 1d eas Forthcoming volumes: LeRon Shults, Icolloclastic Theology: Gilles Deleuze and the Secretioll 。{Atheism Janae Sholtz, The Inventi011 of a People: Art and the Political ùz Hèidegger and Delωlze Visit the Plateaus website at www.euppublishing.com/series/plat CONDI丁IONS OF 丁HOUGH丁; DELEUZEAND τRANSCENDENTALIDEAS 05王三〉 Daniela Voss B岛宜。639751 <D DanieIa Voss, 2013 Edinburgh University Press Ltd 22 George Squar飞EdinburghEH8 9LF www.euppublishing.com Typeset in Sabon by Servis Filrnsetting Ltd, Stoc:kport, Cheshire, ancl prinrecl and bouncl in Great BritaÌn by CPI Group (UK) Ltcl, Croyclon CRO 4YY A CIP recorcl for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978 074867625 5 (harclback) ISBN 978 0 7486 76262 (webreacly PDF) ISBN 978 0748676279 (epub) The right of Daniela Voss to be i正lentifieclas author of this work has been assertecl in ac:corclance with the Copyrighr, Designs ancl Patents Act 1988. Contents Acknowledgements vi Abbreviations vii Introduction 1 1 丁he Dogmatic Image of Thought 18 2 丁he Demand for Transcendental Genetic Conditions 74 3 ldeas as Problen1s 142 4 Time and the Split Subject 210 Conclusion 265 Bibliography 271 lndex 281 Acknowledgements This book is the product of several years work which would have been impossible without the generous support and advice of all those who assisted me to bring this endeavour to completion. 1 especially owe rny heartfelt thanks to Paul Patton who was always there for me to discuss problems and ideas and who encour aged me to overcome difficulties that 1 encountered over the course of this project. Thanks to him 1 also had the opportunity to pursue part of my research in the School of l-Iistory and Philosophy at the UNSW in Sydney. The many kindnesses and friendship 1 experienced there throughout the duration of my stay leaves me with an in1rnense debt of gratitude to rnany people too numerous to mention them all. 1 am also very grateful to Gunter Gebauer from the Free University of Berlin for his ongoing encouragement and enthusiasm for this project. Furthermore, 1 would like to thank 111y friends and fellow scholars Si1110n Duff)气 Craig Lundy and Nick Midgley who have helped improve this work through their pertinent comments, critical questions and linguistic advice. My friend Elke deserves a special mention for providing the cover image for this book. My great thanks are due to Carol Macdonald and the team at Edinburgh University Press for their professional way of dealing with all inquiries and working with me throughout the publication process. My experience of publishing with EUP has been a very pleasant one. Finally, and above all, 1 would like to thank n1y family for theÌr loving support and encouragement over all these years. Parts of Chapter 2 were published 挝、!laimon and Deleuze: The Viewpoint of Internal GenesÌs and the Concept of Differentials' in Parrhesìa, No. 11 (2011), pp. 62-74. Furthennore, son1e materials of Cha pter 1 and 3 飞i\Till appear in 'Deleuze's Rethinking of the Notion of Sense' ar叫‘Deleuze's Third Synthesis of Tirne' in Deleuze Studiω (2013).1 would like to express rny gratitude for the pern1ission of the editors of these journals to reprint this 111aterial. Vl Abbreviations The bibliography contains details of the editions and translations used for each text. Deleuze AO Anti-Oedipus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia (vol. 1) ATP A Thousand Plateaus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia (vol. 2) B Bergsonism CC Essays Critical and Clinical C1T Cinema 2: The Time-1mage D Dialogues D1 Desert Islands and Other Texts (1953-1974) D R Difference and Repetition ES Empiricism and Subjectivity: A刀 Essay on Hume's Theory of Human Nature F Foucault FL B The Fold: Leibniz and the Baroque KCP Kant's Critical Philοsophy: The Doctrine of the Faculties LK 1 Lecture Course on Kant held at Vincennes, 14 March 1978 LK 11 Lecture Course on Kant held at Vincennes, 21 March 1978 LS The Logic of Sense N Negotiations 1972-1990 NP Nietzsche and Philosophy P S Proust and Signs WP What Is Philosophy? Note on the citatiοns: The order in which the page numbers are referenced is as follows: the first page number refers to the English translation, the second当 italicised， number to the French original. Vll CONDITIONS OF THOUGHT: DELEUZE AND TRANSCENDENTAL IDEAS Kant CJ Critique of the Power ofJ u々me11t CPR Critique of Pure Reaso11 Note 011 the citatio11s: Page references to CPR are to the original German editions: A (from 1781) and B (frorn 1787). Vlll 1日troduction This project on a Deleuzian transcendental philosophy is born out of a feeling of astonishment. On the one hand, the theme of the tran scendental runs through many of Deleuze's works, in particular those published between 1962 and 1968. On the other hand, the spirit of Deleuze's philosophical thought seems so very different from that of Kantian transcendental philosophy: Deleuze does not bother to seek a justification or ground for the possibility of experience and its objects. He does not put together a table of categories当 nor does he give any transcendental deduction of a priori conditions. Moreover, in Deleuze, there is certainly no transcendental subject, which would have the task of representing the world according to a priori condi tions. So why should he label his own philosophy of the 1960s a transcendental empiricism (cf. DR 144/187 and 56/79 80)? ln what … way, if at all, is his philosophy transcendental? Our approach to this problem has been guided by the intuition that the key had to be found in Deleuze's critique of the so-called dognlatic lmage of thought, a critique that appears in almost every book from this early period and that makes up the central part of Difference and Repetition. The first thing to be noted is that Deleuze understands philosophy fundamentally as critique, and in Nietzsche and Philosophy he explicitly demands a rethinking and radicalisation of Kant's critical project.1 The Kantian critique sought to describe and ultimately prevent the illusions of reason that are to be found on the ‘battle正eld' of metaphysics and to lead thought back to its proper use.2 By comparison, Deleuze also finds that Western philosophical thought has fallen prey to illusion当 but for Deleuze it is the ‘illusions of representation' (DR 270/346) that must be subjected to critique. Thought has been subordinated to sonle proper image of itself that ties it to a logic of representation. Kant's critical philosophy sought to overcome the traditional nletaphysical divide between the essences of things or ldeas and their mere appearance. For instance, he criticised Plato for the enthusiasm that led hinl to pass ‘beyond the concepts of experience to ideas当 which seemed to hÌln explicable only 1 CONDITIONS OF THOUGHT: DELEUZE AND TRANSCENDENTAL IDEAS by means of an intellectual comrrlUnion with the origin of all things'. 3 Kant argued against Plato that necessity and universal truth, which seem to pertain to the essence of things, actually have their ground in our own reason and its ldeas. A critical use of reason would abstain from any attelnpt at direct cOlnmunity with an intelligible world and focus instead on οur world, which is given under the condition of transcendental concepts. But this means that for Kant our world is always a represented world, that is not an in1mediate presence but a world given within a conceptual schen1e or structure that provides the limit to knowledge. Now, Deleuze certainly agrees with Kant on the need to overcome the metaphysical dualisn1 between the essences of things and their appearance but he rejects Kant's representational ist solution to the problem. Deleuze radicalises Kantian critique by bringing it to bear on the logic of representation itself. In his view, the idea of a representationallogic is still too 吁oundationalist'， since it presupposes an a priori given ground that shapes our thinking. For Deleuze, a radical critique must lead to a liberation of thought from the fetters of representation; this means to render thought ungrounded. Although both Kant and Deleuze are cOlnmitted to philoso ‘ phy understood as critique and the uncovering and warding off of illusion, there thus remains a stark contrast between the two: while Kantian transcendental philosophy airrls to provide an a priori ground, Deleuze precipitates transcendental philosophy into a 'groundlessness' (sans-fond) or ‘universal ungrounding' (universel e斤Condement) (DR 911123). Deleuze dissolves the representational don1ain into a sub翻representational play of intensities or pure dif ferences. While Kant locates the ground of our represented world in universal reason or the transcendental subject, Deleuze adn1its no transcendental subject that would represent the world but seeks a point of view beyond representation, 由tha瓜t is an a.唰-嗣-嗣唰.仑ss仑su问bJeα正ctive an uncωonscious transcendental 虽eld. While Kant's transcendental prin ciples are defined as a priori conditions that subordinate thought to a priori judgernents, Deleuze, by contrast, seeks a transcendental principle that explains the genesis of the act of thought in thought. Given these fundan1en 2