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Tel: 0171–865 0066, Fax: 0171–522–9623. Appropriate Concrete Technology Proceedings of the International Conference held at the University of Dundee, Scotland, UK on 24–26 June 1996 Edited by Ravindra K.Dhir Director, Concrete Technology Unit University of Dundee and Michael J.McCarthy Lecturer, Concrete Technology Unit University of Dundee E & FN SPON An Imprint of Chapman & Hall London · Weinheim · New York · Tokyo · Melbourne · Madras Published by E & FN Spon, an imprint of Chapman & Hall, 2–6 Boundary Row, London SE1 8HN, UK This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2006. “ To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to http://www.ebookstore.tandf.co.uk/.” Chapman & Hall, 2–6 Boundary Row, London SE1 8HN, UK Chapman & Hall, GmbH, Pappelallee 3, 69469 Weinheim, Germany Chapman & Hall USA, 115 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10003, USA Chapman & Hall Japan, ITP-Japan, Kyowa Building, 3F, 2–2–1 Hirakawacho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102, Japan Chapman & Hall Australia, 102 Dodds Street, South Melbourne, Victoria 3205, Australia Chapman & Hall India, R.Seshadri, 32 Second Main Road, CIT East, Madras 600 035 First edition 1996 © 1996 E & FN Spon ISBN 0-203-36239-X Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0-203-37917-9 (Adobe e-Reader Format) ISBN 0 419 21470 4 (Print Edition) 0 419 21500 X (Print Edition) (5 volume set) Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the UK Copyright Designs and Patents Act, 1988, this publication may not be reproduced, stored, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction only in accordance with the terms of the licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency in the UK, or in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the appropriate Reproduction Rights Organization outside the UK. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the terms stated here should be sent to the publishers at the London address printed on this page. The publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regard to the accuracy of the information contained in this book and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Publisher’s Note This book has been prepared from camera ready copy provided by the individual contributors in order to make the book available for the Conference. Printed on acid-free paper, manufactured in accordance with ANSI/NISO Z39.48–1992 (Permanence of Paper) The cover illustration shows the Glendevon Reservoir spillway, constructed using GGBS concrete. Photograph courtesy Castle Cement Ltd. PREFACE Concrete is ubiquitous and unique. Indeed, there are no alternatives to concrete as a volume construction material. This raises important questions of how concrete should be designed and constructed for cost effective use in the short and long-term, and yet encourage further radical development. Equally, it must also be environmentally-friendly during manufacture and in its aesthetic presentation in structures. The Concrete Technology Unit (CTU) of the University of Dundee has organised this major 5 day International Congress, following the conferences, Protection of Concrete in 1990 and Concrete 2000: Economic and Durable Construction Though Excellence in 1993, as part of its continuing commitment to the development of excellence in concrete construction. The central theme of the Congress was Concrete in the Service of Mankind, under which 5 self-contained conferences were organised; (i) Concrete for Environment Enhancement, (ii) Concrete for Infrastructure and Utilities, (iii) Appropriate Concrete Technology, (iv) Radical Concrete Technology and (v) Concrete Repair, Rehabilitation and Protection. In total 350 papers were presented by authors from 70 countries worldwide. The Congress Opening Addresses were given by the Lord James Douglas-Hamilton MP, Minister of State for the Construction Industry, Scotland and by Dr Ian J.Graham- Bryce, Principal and Vice-Chancellor of the University of Dundee. The Opening Papers were presented by Emeritus Professors P.Kumar Metha and Ben C.Gerwick, University of California, Berkeley, USA and Professor John Morris, University of Witwatersrand and Mr Spencer S.Sephton, PPC Cement (pty), South Africa. The closing address was given by Professor Peter C.Hewlett, Director of the British Board of Agrément, UK and Visiting Industrial Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Dundee. The Congress was supported by 14 major International Institutions together with 23 Sponsors and 50 Exhibitors, highlighting the importance of concrete and the close cooperation between the CTU and industry. A Congress of this size and scope was a major undertaking. The immense efforts of the Organising, International Advisory and National Technical Committees, who advised on the selection and review of papers is gratefully noted. The efforts of all the Authors and Chairmen of the various Technical Sessions and, in particular, those who travelled from afar to come to Dundee are greatly appreciated as are all the CTU staff and research students for their sterling efforts in ensuring the smooth running of the Congress. Particular thanks must be given to the two Congress joint Secretaries, Mr Neil A.Henderson and Dr Michael J.McCarthy and the Unit Secretaries Mr Steven Scott and Miss Diane Sherriff. All the Proceedings have been prepared directly from the manuscripts provided by the authors and, therefore, there may be some errors or inaccuracies that have been inadvertently overlooked. Ravindra K Dhir Dundee February 1996 INTRODUCTION The specification of concrete has long been a major source of conflict between the engineer, contractor and supplier. Much of this conflict stems from the increasing litigious world in which modern construction takes place. Equally, it may arguably to be due to the misunderstandings arising from what is the appropriate performance that will be required from the materials used themselves and the structure manufactured. To overcome this conflicting interest, there will have to be an evolutionary approach away from the traditional method of specification and towards performance criteria. This will also facilitate the formulation of integrated, harmonised international standards. This transition will not be easy and it will almost certainly transfer responsibility for some concrete material decisions to the supplier. It can only be hoped that total quality management, which has done so much for the manufacturing sector, can also provide the same degree of confidence to clients in concrete construction. Since most international specifications bodies are, in principle, committed to this approach to specification by performance, it is important that the implications of this are debated at a major forum such as this international conference. The versatility of concrete continues to be underlined through the development of new binder technologies, alternative materials for reinforcement and novel design and construction techniques, which continues apace. The Proceeding of this Conference ‘Appropriate Concrete Technology’ deal with all of these subject areas under six clearly identified themes: (i) Criteria for Appropriateness, (ii) Implications of Harmonisation, (iii) Versatility of Concrete, (iv) Binder Technology, (v) Non-Ferrous Reinforcement and (vi) Design and Construction. Each theme started with a Leader Paper presented by the foremost exponents in their respective fields. In total, 65 paper were presented during the 3 day International Conference and compiled into these Proceedings. Ravindra K Dhir Michael J McCarthy Dundee February 1996 ORGANISING COMMITTEE Concrete Technology Unit Professor Ravindra K Dhir (Chairman) Dr Michael J McCarthy (Joint Secretary) Mr Neil A Henderson (Joint Secretary) Professor Peter C Hewlett Director, British Board of Agrément Professor Vasilia K Rigopoulou National Technical University of Athens Professor Sammy Y N Chan Hong Kong Polytechnic University Dr Nyok Y Ho Director, L&M Structural Systems, Sinapore Dr Frederick H Hubbard Dr M Roderick Jones Dr Mukesh C Limbachiya Dr S L Daniel Ng Dr Wenzhong Zhu Mr Thomas D Dyer Mr Steven R Scott (Unit Assistant) Miss Diane H Sherriff (Unit Secretary) INTERNATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE Dr H Z Al-Abideen Assistant Deputy Minister Ministry of Public Works and Housing, Saudi Arabia Professor M S Akman Professor of Civil Engineering Istanbul Technical University, Turkey Professor M G Alexanader Professor of Civil Engineering University of Cape Town, South Africa Professor Carmen Andradé Research Professor Instituto Eduardo Tonoja of Construction Sciences, Spain Mr J A Bickley Implementation Manager Concrete Canada, Canada Professor J M J M Bijen General Manager Institute for Materials and Environmental Research, Netherlands Professor A M Brandt Head of Section Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Poland Mr J C Caballero General Director Instituto Del Cemento Portland, Argentina Professor A Ceccotti Fornitek Laboratory, Canada Professor O E Gjørv Professor, Division of Building Materials Norwegian Institute of Technology, Norway Professor T C Hansen Professor of Building Materials Technical University of Denmark Dr G C Hoff Senior Associate Engineer Mobil Research & Development Corporation, USA Professor S Y Huang Director