Concrete for Transportation Infrastructure Proceedings of the International Conference held at the University of Dundee, Scotland, UK on 5-7 July 2005 Edited by Ravindra K. Dhir Director, Concrete Technology Unit University of Dundee Michael J. McCarthy Senior Lecturer, Concrete Technology Unit University of Dundee and Sinan Caliskan Research / Teaching Fellow, Concrete Technology Unit University of Dundee ThomasTelford Published by Thomas Telford Publishing, Thomas Telford Ltd, 1 Heron Quay, London El4 4JD. www.thomastelford.com Distributors for Thomas Telford books are USA: ASCE Press, 1801 Alexander Bell Drive, Reston, VA 20191-4400, USA Japan: Maruzen Co. Ltd, Book Department, 3-10 Nihonbashi 2-chome, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103 Australia: DA Books and Journals, 648 Whitehorse Road, Mitcham 3132, Victoria First published 2005 The full list of titles from the 2005 International Congress 'Global construction: ultimate concrete opportunities' and available from Thomas Telford is as follows Cement combinations for durable concrete. ISBN: 0 7277 3401 6 Concrete for transportation infrastructure. ISBN: 0 7277 3402 4 Application of codes, design and regulations. ISBN: 0 7277 3403 2 Achieving sustainability in construction. ISBN: 0 7277 3404 0 Repair and renovation of concrete structures. ISBN: 0 7277 3405 9 Use of foamed concrete in construction. ISBN: 0 7277 3406 7 Admixtures - enhancing concrete performance. ISBN: 0 7277 3407 5 Applications of nanotechnology in concrete design. ISBN: 0 7277 3408 3 Role of concrete in nuclear facilities. ISBN: 0 7277 3409 1 Young researchers' forum. ISBN: 0 7277 3410 5 For the complete set of 10 volumes, ISBN: 0 7277 3387 7 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN: 0 7277 3402 4 © The authors, except where otherwise stated All rights, including translation, reserved. Except as permitted by the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the Publishing Director, Thomas Telford Publishing, Thomas Telford Ltd, 1 Heron Quay, London E14 4JD. This book is published on the understanding that the authors are solely responsible for the statements made and opinions expressed in it and that its publication does not necessarily imply that such statements and/or opinions are or reflect the views or opinions of the publishers. While every effort has been made to ensure that the statements made and the opinions expressed in this publication provide a safe and accurate guide, no liability or responsibility can be accepted in this respect by the authors or publishers. Printed and bound in Great Britain by MPG Books, Bodmin, Cornwall PREFACE Concrete is at something of a crossroads: there are many opportunities and some threats. For these opportunities to transpose into beneficial practice, engineers, material scientists, architects, manufacturers and suppliers must focus on the changes that are required to champion concrete and maintain its dominance within the global construction industry. The Concrete Technology Unit (CTU) of the University of Dundee organised this Congress to address these changes, continuing its established series of events, namely, Challenges of Concrete Construction in 2002, Creating with Concrete in 1999, Concrete in the Service of Mankind in 1996, Economic and Durable Concrete Construction Through Excellence in 1993 and Protection of Concrete in 1990. The event was organised in collaboration with three of the world's most recognised institutions: the Institution of Civil Engineers, the American Concrete Institute and the Japan Society of Civil Engineers. Under the theme of Global Construction: Ultimate Concrete Opportunities, the Congress consisted of ten Events: (i) Cement Combinations for Durable Concrete, (ii) Concrete for Transportation Infrastructure, (in) Application of Codes, Design and Regulations, (iv) Achieving Sustainability in Construction, (v) Repair and Renovation of Concrete Structures, (vi) Use of Foamed Concrete in Construction, (vii) Admixtures - Enhancing Concrete Performance, (viii) Applications of Nanotechnology in Concrete Design, (ix) Role of Concrete in Nuclear Facilities, (x) Young Researchers Forum. In all, a total of 420 papers were presented from 68 countries. The Opening Addresses were given by Sir Alan Langlands, Principal and Vice-Chancellor of the University of Dundee, Mr John Letford, Lord Provost, City of Dundee, Mr Colin Clinton, President of the Institution of Civil Engineers, and senior representatives of the Japan Society of Civil Engineers and the American Concrete Institute. The Congress was officially opened by Mr Peter Goring, President of the Concrete Society, UK. The ten Event Opening Papers were presented by Professor R K Dhir, University of Dundee, UK, Mr E S Larsen, COWI A/S, Denmark, Dr W G Corley, Construction Technologies Laboratory Group, USA, Dr M Glavind, Danish Technological Institute, Denmark, Professor P Robery, Halcrow Group Ltd, UK, Mr D Aldridge, Propump Engineering Ltd, UK, Dr M Corradi, Degussa Construction Chemicals Division, Italy, Professor S P Shah, Northwestern University, USA, Professor C Andrade, Institute of Construction Science, Spain and Professor P C Hewlett, British Board of Agrement, UK. The Closing Papers were given by Professor K Scrivener, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Switzerland, Mr N Hussain, Ove Arup & Partners, Hong Kong, Professor H Gulvanessian, Building Research Establishment, UK, Mrs GMT Janssen, Delft University of Technology, Netherlands, Dr D R Morgan, AMEC Earth & Environmental, Canada, Dr E Kearsley, University of Pretoria, South Africa, Professor M Collepardi, ENCO-Engineering Concrete, Italy and Mr P Doyle, Jacobs Babtie Nuclear, UK. The support of 50 International Professional Institutions and 32 Sponsoring Organisations was a major contribution to the success of the Congress. An extensive Trade Fair formed an integral part of the event. The work of the Congress was an immense undertaking and all of those involved are gratefully acknowledged, in particular, the members of the Organising Committee for managing the event from start to finish; members of the Scientific and Technical Committees for advising on the selection and reviewing of papers; the Authors and the Chairmen of Technical Sessions for their invaluable contributions to the proceedings. All of the proceedings have been prepared directly from the camera-ready manuscripts submitted by the authors and editing has been restricted to minor changes, only where it was considered absolutely necessary. Dundee Ravindra K Dhir July 2005 Chairman, Congress Organising Committee ill INTRODUCTION Concrete is one of the most commonly used materials for civil engineering infrastructure. The use of concrete in infrastructure is expected to increase significantly as the urbanization of the world population increases and this is evident in many of the fast developing economies of Asia and elsewhere. The provision of transportation in the 21st century is, however, probably one of the most pressing yet intractable issues. Despite being the essential backbone of all economic development, transportation is extremely expensive to construct and inevitably impacts on the environment. Mobility of goods and services in the modern world is paramount and this places a high degree of responsibility on engineers to develop environmentally responsible yet economic solutions. It is the responsibility of the engineers and designers to develop both socially and aesthetically acceptable buildings and transportation infrastructure. Concrete is the ideal vehicle with which this can be achieved: consideration of Calatrava's work exemplifies all that is right in this field, but we can all identify far too many examples of poor infrastructure design. Durability issues related to the exposure conditions of concrete during its service life is still one of the most significant challenges for engineers, designers and researchers. Materials research continues apace and there are many options available to develop concrete that is fit for its purpose. However, ensuring long service lives, in excess of 100 years, continues to be difficult to demonstrate to clients, and specifications are still reliant on prescription rather than fundamental design. In this area, design for durability significantly lags behind design for structural performance. A further challenge is the maintenance of the infrastructure stock in many countries; much of which is in excess of 50 years old. This requires efficient repair and rehabilitation of critical elements such as highways, bridges and airport pavements, without excess downtime for users or excessive costs. This is an important development area and researchers and materials producers must work together to formulate new generations of repair systems. The Proceedings 'Concrete for Transportation Infrastructure' dealt with all these subject areas and the issues raised six clearly defined themes: (i) Concrete Pavements, (ii) Bridges, (iii) Tunnels, (iv) Airports, (v) Marine Infrastructure, (vi) Other Transportation Infrastructure. Each theme started with a Keynote Paper presented by the foremost exponents in their respective fields. There were a total of 50 papers presented during the International Conference which are compiled into these Proceedings. Dundee Ravindra K Dhir July 2005 Michael J McCarthy Sinan Caliskan iv ORGANISING COMMITTEE Concrete Technology Unit Professor R K Dhir OBE (Chairman) Dr M D Newlands (Secretary) Professor P C Hewlett British Board of Agrement Professor T A Harrison Quarry Products Association Professor P Chana British Cement Association Professor V K Rigopoulou National Technical University of Athens, Greece Dr S Y N Chan Hong Kong Polytechnic University Dr N Y Ho L & M Structural Systems, Singapore Dr M R Jones Dr MJ McCarthy Dr T D Dyer Dr K A Paine Dr J E Halliday Dr L J Csetenyi Dr L Zheng Dr S Caliskan Dr A McCarthy Dr A Whyte Mr M C Tang Ms E Csetenyi Ms P I Hynes (Congress Assistant) Mr S R Scott (Unit Assistant) SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL COMMITTEE Professor Omar S B Al-Amoudi, Manager, Engineering Analysis Section King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Saudi Arabia Dr Hans-Peter Andra, Managing Director & CEO Leonhard, Andra und Partner, Germany Professor Carmen Andrade, Director Institute of Construction Science, Spain Professor Ben I G Barr, Carillion Professor of the Built Environ University of Cardiff, UK Professor Dubravka Bjegovic, Dean & Professor, Materials Science & Fabrication Technology University of Zagreb, Croatia Mr Jesper Sand Damtoft, Vice President Aalborg Portland A/S, Denmark Mr Cyrus Dordi, Vice President (Technical Services) Gujarat Ambuja Cements Ltd, India Mr Nigel R Hewson, Associate Tony Gee & Partners, UK Dr Dradjat Hoedajanto, Laboratory of Structures & Materials Bandung Institute of Technology, Indonesia Mr Raymund Johnstone, Principal Enginee Scottish Executive, UK Dr Klaus Juvas, Director Consolis Technology Oy Ab, Finland Professor Johann Kollegger, Professor, Institute for Structural Engineering Vienna University of Technology, Austria Mr Neil Loudon, Technical Director Highways Agency, UK Mr Rod McClelland, Technical Director Alfred McAlpine pic, UK Professor M Saeed Mirza, Professor, Civil Engineering McGill University, Canada Dr Ainars Paeglitis, Associate Professor, Dept of Roads & Bridges Riga Technical University, Latvia Professor Ioanna Papayianni, Head of Laboratory, Building Materials Aristotle University Thessaloniki, Greece Dr Donald Pearson-Kirk, Technical Director Parsons Brinckerhoff Limited, UK Professor Musa Resheidat, IACT Chairman Jordan University of Science & Technology, Jordan Dr Vlastimil Sruma, Managing Director Czech Concrete Society, Czech Republic Dr Jakob Sustersic, Head of Department, Research & Development Institute for Research in Materials & Applications, Slovenia Professor Klaas van Breugel, Faculty of Civil Engineering & Geosciences Delft University of Technology, Netherlands VI COLLABORATING INSTITUTIONS Institution of Civil Engineers, UK American Concrete Institute Japan Society of Civil Engineers SPONSORING ORGANISATIONS WITH EXHIBITION Aalborg Portland A/S, Denmark Aggregate Industries ARUP Bid Cities Fund British Board of Agrement British Cement Association Building Research Establishment Bureau Veritas Laboratories Ltd Castle Cement Limited CEMBUREAU Cementitious Slag Makers Association Danish Technological Institute Degussa - Construction Chemicals Dundee City Council Elkem Materials Ltd FaberMaunsell FEBELCEM Foam Concrete Ltd Halcrow Group Ltd Heidelberg Cement Jacobs Babtie Group John Doyle Construction Master Builders Technologies vn SPONSORING ORGANISATIONS WITH EXHIBITION (continued) PANalytical Propump Engineering Ltd Putzmeister Ltd RMC Readymix Rugby Cement STATS Ltd Tarmac Group The Concrete Centre United Kingdom Quality Ash Association EXHIBITING ORGANISATIONS Cambridge Ultrasonics Ltd Celsum Technologies Ltd CNS Farnell Ltd Concrete Repairs Ltd Germann Instruments A/S Glenammer Engineering Ltd John Wiley & Sons Ltd Metrohm UK Ltd Retsch UK Ltd Sonatest Ltd Wexham Developments Zwick Testing Machines Ltd vm SUPPORTING INSTITUTIONS Asociacion de Ingenieros de Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Spain Asociacion de Ingenieros del Uruguay, Uruguay Association of Slovak Scientific & Technological Societies, Slovakia Associazione Italiana Ingegneria dei Materiali, Italy Austrian Society of Engineers & Architects, Austria Bahrain Society of Engineers, Bahrain Belgian Concrete Society, Belgium Brazilian Concrete Institute, Brazil Canadian Society for Civil Engineering, Canada China Civil Engineering Society, China Chinese Institute of Engineers, Taiwan Colegio de Ingenieros y Agrimesores de Puerto Rico, Puerto Rico Concrete Institute of Australia, Australia Concrete Society of Southern Africa, South Africa Consiglio Nazionale degli Ingegneri, Italy Construction Institute, USA Czech Concrete Society, Czech Republic Danish Concrete Association, Denmark Deutscher Beton-und Bautechnik-Verein EV, Germany Engineers Australia, Australia Federation of Scientific & Technical Unions in Bulgaria, Bulgaria Feberation de Tlndustrie du Beton (FIB), France General Association of Engineers in Romania, Romania Hong Kong Institution of Engineers, Hong Kong IX SUPPORTING INSTITUTIONS Hungarian Cement Association, Hungary Indian Concrete Institute, India Institute of Concrete Technology, UK Institution of Engineers, India Institution of Engineers, Bangladesh Institution of Engineers, Malaysia Institution of Engineers, Sri Lanka Institution of Engineers, Tanzania Institution of Structural Engineers, UK Instituto Mexicano del Cemento y del Concreto AC, Mexico Irish Concrete Society, Ireland Japan Concrete Institute, Japan Jordan Engineers1 Association, Jordan Korea Concrete Institute, South Korea Netherlands Concrete Society, Netherlands New Zealand Concrete Society, New Zealand Nigerian Society of Engineers, Nigeria Norwegian Concrete Association, Norway Singapore Concrete Institute, Singapore Slovenian Chamber of Engineers, Slovenia The Concrete Society, UK Turkish Chamber of Civil Engineers, Turkey Yugoslav Society for Materials & Structures Testing, Serbia & Montenegro Zimbabwe Institution of Engineers, Zimbabwe