The Concise Encyclopedia of D E M O C R A C Y This page intentionally left blank The Concise Encyclopedia of D E M O C R A C Y p Routledge Taylor & Francis Group LONDON AND NEW YORK Copyright © 2000 by Congressional Quarterly Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. First published in 2000 by FITZROY DEARBORN PUBLISHERS This edition published 2013 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of Che Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available from the Library of Congress and the British Library ISBN: 1-57958-268-0 Cover designed by Naylor Design Inc. TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Maps, ix Bicameral Legislature, 57 List of Articles by Subject, xi Bill of Rights (English), 58 Preface, xv Bill of Rights (U.S.), 58 Black Codes, 60 A Bolivar, Sim6n, 60 Abolitionism, 1 Brazil, 61 Absolutism, 3 Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954), 65 Accountability of Public Officials, 4 Buddhism, 65 Adams, John, 4 Bureaucracy, 66 Adenauer, Konrad, 5 Burke, Edmund, 67 Affirmative Action, 6 Africa, North, 8 C Africa, Subsaharan, 11 Cabinet, 69 Anarchism, 22 Calhoun, John C., 71 Anthony, Susan B., 22 Canada, 72 Anti-Federalists, 23 Candidate Selection and Recruitment, 75 Apartheid, 24 Capitalism, 77 Apportionment, 25 Caribbean, 78 Argentina, 26 Catholicism, Roman, 82 Arias Sanchez, Oscar, 30 Caucus, 84 Aristotle, 31 Censorship, 84 Articles of Confederation, 31 Central America, 86 Asia, East, 33 Checks and Balances, 90 Asia, South, 37 Chile, 91 Asia, Southeast, 41 China, People’s Republic of, 94 Assembly, Freedom of, 45 Churchill, Winston, 98 Athenian Democracy, 46 Cicero, Marcus Tullius, 99 Aung San Suu Kyi, 47 Citizenship, 100 Australia and New Zealand, 47 Civic Education, 101 Authoritarianism, 50 Civil Disobedience, 101 Autocracy, 52 Civil Liberties and Civil Rights, 102 Civil Rights Movement, 106 B Civil Service, 109 Baker v. Carr (1962), 54 Civil War Amendments, 110 Ballot, 54 Coalition, 110 Baltic States, 55 Colonialism, 111 vi Table of Contents Common Law, 113 Communism, 113 F Confederation, 115 Faction, 175 Confucianism, 115 Fascism, 175 Congress (U.S.), 117 Federalism, 177 Conservative Party (U.K.), 120 Federalist Papers, 179 Consociational Democracy, 121 Federalists, 179 Constitution, 122 Fifteenth Amendment, 181 Constitution (U.K.), 124 Four Freedoms, 182 Constitution (U.S.), 124 Fourteen Points, 182 Conventions, Political, 129 Fourteenth Amendment, 183 Covenant, 132 France, 185 Critiques of Democracy, 132 G Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand, 189 Gay Rights Movement, 190 Declaration of Independence, 134 Germany, 191 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, 135 Gerrymandering, 195 De Gaulle, Charles, 136 Gettysburg Address, 196 De Klerk, F. W„ 137 Gideon v. Wainwright (1963), 196 Democratic Party (U.S.), 138 Gitlow v. New York (1925), 196 Democratization, 140 Gladstone, William E., 197 Desegregation, 142 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 198 Despotism, 144 Griswold v. Connecticut (1965), 199 Dictatorship, 145 Direct Democracy, 145 H Disability Rights Movement, 146 Hamilton, Alexander, 201 Disraeli, Benjamin, 147 Havel, V&clav, 202 Divine Right, 148 Hinduism, 203 Douglass, Frederick, 148 Hobbes, Thomas, 203 Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857), 149 Human Rights, 205 Election Campaigns, 151 Impeachment, 207 Elections, Monitoring, 152 India, 208 Electoral College, 153 Interest Groups, 211 Electoral Systems, 154 Iroquois Confederation, 214 Emancipation Proclamation, 155 Islam, 214 Engel v. Vitale (1962), 156 Israel, 215 Engels, Friedrich, 157 Italian City-states, 219 Equal Rights Amendment, 158 Europe, East Central, 158 J Europe, Western, 164 Jackson, Andrew, 221 European Union, 171 Jacksonian Democracy, 222 Executive, 173 Japan, 223 Table of Contents vii Japanese-American Internment, 227 Miranda v. Arizona (1966), 274 Jefferson, Thomas, 227 Monarchy, 275 Jim Crow Laws, 229 Montesquieu, Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de, 275 Jinnah, Mohammad Ali, 229 Mott, Lucretia, 276 Judaism, 230 Multiparty System, 277 Judicial Review, 231 Judicial Systems, 232 Justifications for Democracy, 233 Nationalism, 279 Natural Law, 280 K Natural Rights, 280 Kant, Immanuel, 235 Nehru, Jawaharlal, 281 Kenyatta, Jomo, 236 New York Times Co. v. Sullivan (1964), 282 Kerensky, Alexander, 236 New York Times Co. v. United States (1971), 282 King, Martin Luther, Jr., 237 Nineteenth Amendment, 283 Korematsu v. United States (1944), 239 Nkrumah, Kwame, 284 Nyerere, Julius, 285 L Labour Party (U.K.), 240 League of Nations, 241 Oligarchy, 286 Legislature, 243 Orthodoxy, Greek and Russian, 286 Leninism, 244 Letter from Birmingham Jail, 245 Liberalism, 245 Paine, Thomas, 288 Lincoln, Abraham, 247 Pankhurst, Emmeline, 289 Locke, John, 249 Parliament (U.K.), 289 Parliamentary Government, 291 M Participation, Political, 293 Machiavelli, Niccolo, 251 Participatory Democracy, 294 Machine Politics, 252 Party Systems, 295 Madison, James, 253 Patronage, 295 Magna Carta, 254 People’s Democracy, 296 Mandela, Nelson, 255 Perestroika, 296 Mapp v. Ohio (1961), 256 Petition of Right (1628), 297 Marburyv. Madison (1803), 256 Plato, 297 Marshall, John, 256 Plebiscitarian Democracy, 298 Marx, Karl, 258 Plessyv. Ferguson (1896), 298 Marxism, 259 Political Parties, 299 Mayflower Compact, 260 Polling, Public Opinion, 301 McCarthyism, 260 Popular Sovereignty, 302 McCulloch v. Maryland (1819), 261 Populism, 303 Media, Mass, 262 Prague Spring, 305 Mexico, 264 President, 305 Middle East, 267 Presidential Government, 306 Mill, John Stuart, 273 Press, Freedom of the, 308 Milligan, Ex Parte (1866), 274 Primary Election (U.S.), 309 viii Table of Contents Prime Minister, 310 Suffrage, 376 Privacy, Right of, 311 Sun Yat-sen, 378 Progressivism, 312 Supreme Court (U.S.), 379 Protestantism, 314 Switzerland, 383 Public Opinion, 315 T Thatcher, Margaret, 385 R.A.V. v. St. Paul{1992), 317 Theocracy, 386 Referendum and Initiative, 317 Third Party, 386 Reformation, 318 Thirteenth Amendment, 388 Religion, Freedom of, 319 Thoreau, Henry David, 389 Representative Government, 322 Tiananmen Square Protest, 389 Republic, 324 Tocqueville, Alexis de, 390 Republicanism, 325 Totalitarianism, 391 Republican Party (U.S.), 326 Trail of Tears, 392 Revolution, American, 329 Two-party System, 393 Revolution, French, 332 Roe v. Wade (1973), 334 Roh Tae Woo, 335 Unicameral Legislature, 394 Roman Republic, 335 Unitary State, 394 Roosevelt, Franklin D„ 336 United Kingdom, 395 Roosevelt, Theodore, 337 United Nations, 398 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 338 United States of America, 401 Russia, 339 United States v. Nixon (1974), 405 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 405 Sakharov, Andrei, 344 Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom, 407 Schenk v. United States (1919), 345 Seneca Falls Declaration, 345 W Senghor, Leopold Sedar, 346 Walesa, Lech, 407 Separation of Powers, 347 Washington, George, 408 Shared-power System, 348 Watergate, 409 Slavery, 348 Wei Jingsheng, 411 Smith, Adam, 350 Wilson, Woodrow, 411 Smith v. Allwright (1944), 351 Wollstonecraft, Mary, 412 Social Contract, 352 Women and Democracy, 413 Socialism, 352 Women’s Suffrage (U.S.), 416 Solidarity, 354 South Africa, 354 South America, 358 Yeltsin, Boris, 419 Soviet Union, Former Republics of the, 363 Yoshida, Shigeru, 420 Speech, Freedom of, 370 Spinoza, Benedict de, 372 Bibliography, 423 Spoils System, 372 Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, 374 Photo Credits, 431 States’ Rights, 374 Index, 433 LIST OF MAPS Africa, North, 8 Africa, Subsaharan, 12 Germany, 192 Argentina, 27 Asia, East, 34 Asia, South, 38 India, 209 Asia, Southeast, 44 Israel, 216 Australia and New Zealand, 48 Japan, 224 Baltic States, 55 Brazil, 62 Mexico, 264 Middle East, 268 Canada, 72 Caribbean, 79 Central America, 87 Russia, 340 Chile, 92 China, People’s Republic of, 95 South Africa, 355 South America, 359 Europe, East Central, 159 Soviet Union, Former Republics of the, 364 Europe, Western, 164 Switzerland, 383 European Union, 171 United Kingdom, 395 France, 186 United States of America, 402