San Francisco Boston New York Cape Town Hong Kong London Madrid Mexico City Montreal Munich Paris Singapore Sydney Tokyo Toronto CONCEPTUAL INTEGRATED SCIENCE PAUL G. HEWITT City College of San Francisco SUZANNE LYONS California State University, Sacramento JOHN SUCHOCKI Saint Michael’s College JENNIFER YEH University of California, San Francisco LYONMF02_0132432854.qxd 6/10/06 11:00 AM Page i Senior Acquisitions Editor: Lothlórien Homet Development Editor: Catherine Murphy Editorial Assistant: Ashley Taylor Anderson Marketing Director: Christy Lawrence Managing Editor: Corinne Benson Production Supervisor: Lori Newman Manufacturing Buyer: Pam Augspurger Design Managers: Mark Ong, Marilyn Perry Cover Designer: Yvo Riezebos Design Cover Photo Credit: Photo Researchers, Inc. Text Designer: tani hasegawa Logo Designer: Mark Ong Director, Image Resource Center: Melinda Patelli Manager, Rights and Permissions: Zina Arabia Photo Researcher: Laura Murray Project Manager: Crystal Clifton, Progressive Publishing Alternatives Composition: Progressive Information Technologies Illustrations: Paul G. Hewitt and Dartmouth Publishing, Inc. Cover Printer: Phoenix Color Corporation Text Printer: VonHoffman Press Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Pubishing Data Conceptual integrated science/Paul G. Hewitt ... [et al.].—1st ed. p.cm. Includes index. ISBN 0-8053-9038-3 1. Interdisciplinary approach to knowledge. 2. Science—Philosophy. 3. Science—History. I. Hewitt, Paul G. Q175.32.K45C66 2006 500—dc22 2006015582 0-8053-9038-3 [Student] 0-8053-9041-3 [Instructor] 0-13-243-285-4 [High School] Copyright ©2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Addison Wesley 1301 Sansome St., San Francisco, CA 94111. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, 1900 E. Lake Ave., Glenview, IL 60025. For information regarding permissions, call 847/486/2635. Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps or all caps. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 - VHP - 10 09 08 07 06 www.aw-bc.com LYONMF02_0132432854.qxd 6/12/06 1:06 PM Page ii We dedicate Conceptual Integrated Science to the many scientists and thinkers whose work we explore in this book. To Galileo Galilei, Isaac Newton, Albert Einstein, Marie Curie, Dimitri Mendeleev, Charles Darwin, Alfred Wegener, Edwin Hubble, and all the other scientists whose brilliance and perseverance have elevated the human condition . . . we thank you! LYONMF02_0132432854.qxd 6/10/06 11:00 AM Page iii Contents in Brief The Conceptual Integrated Science Photo Album xiii To the Student xv To the Instructor xvi Acknowledgments xxiii Reviewers xxv 1 About Science 1 PART ONE PHYSICS 15 2 Describing Motion 17 3 Newton’s Laws of Motion 36 4 Energy and Momentum 57 5 Gravity 78 6 Heat 98 7 Electricity and Magnetism 119 8 Waves—Sound and Light 142 9 The Atom 167 10 Nuclear Physics 190 PART TWO CHEMISTRY 215 11 Investigating Matter 217 12 The Nature of Chemical Bonds 241 13 Chemical Reactions 265 14 Organic Chemistry 294 PART THREE BIOLOGY 317 15 The Basic Unit of Life—The Cell 319 16 Genetics 348 17 The Evolution of Life 372 18 Biological Diversity 401 19 Human Biology I—Control and Development 429 20 Human Biology II—Care and Maintenance 453 21 Ecosystems and Environment 475 PART FOUR EARTH SCIENCE 503 22 Plate Tectonics 505 23 Rocks and Minerals 531 24 Earth’s Surface—Land and Water 556 25 Weather 579 26 Earth’s History 608 PART FIVE ASTRONOMY 625 27 The Solar System 627 28 The Universe 649 Appendix A On Measurement and Unit Conversion A-1 Appendix B Linear and Rotational Motion B-1 Appendix C Working with Vector Components C-1 Appendix D Exponential Growth and Doubling Time D-1 Appendix E Physics of Fluids E-1 Appendix F Chemical Equilibrium F-1 Suggested Websites W-1 Glossary GL-1 Credits PC-1 Index IN-1 iv LYONMF02_0132432854.qxd 6/21/06 11:42 AM Page iv SCIENCE AND SOCIETY Pseudoscience 7 Paul Hewitt and the Origin of Conceptual Integrated Science 23 Nuclear Technology 191 Chemistry and Public Policy 219 Polymers Win World War II 309 Stem Cells 337 Genetic Counseling 362 DNA Fingerprinting in Forensic Science 364 Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria 387 Ethnobotany 414 Bird Flu 425 What Are the Odds? Current Major Health Risks 463 The Placebo Effect 470 Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome 471 Biodiversity, Nature’s Insurance Policy 480 Invasive Species 481 Wangari Maathai and Ecologically Sustainable Development 498 Mining 536 Whose Water Is It? 570 Human Activities That Impact Global Warming 604 Mass Extinctions and the Modern World 623 Astrology 652 Special Features MATH CONNECTION Equations as Guides to Thinking 3 Applying the Equilibrium Rule 25 Equations as Guides to Thinking: 40 When Air Resistance Slows Acceleration 43 Vector Components 51 Quantifying Collisions 63 Work Practice Problems 66 Power Practice Problems 66 Calculating Potential Energy 68 Applying the Work–Energy Theorem 70 Efficiency Calculations 73 Comparing Gravitational Attractions 82 The Heat-Transfer Equation 107 Ohm’s Law 127 Solving Power Problems 130 The Index of Refraction 157 Calculating Atomic Mass 173 Mass–Energy Conversion 209 Concentration Calculations 260 Logarithms and pH 273 Why Does Diffusion Limit the Size of Cells? 333 Calculate the Age of the Atlantic Ocean 519 The Richter Scale 526 How Long Can a Mountain Exist? 564 The Scale of the Solar System 630 The Light-Year 651 a = F/m v LYONMF02_0132432854.qxd 8/21/06 1:40 PM Page v HISTORY OF SCIENCE Aristotle 18 Galileo Galilei 19 The Moving Earth 38 Isaac Newton 53 History of 110 Volts 126 Generators and Power Production 137 The Atomic Hypothesis 171 Dimitri Mendeleev 233 Chemical Discovery 236 Cell Theory 325 Discovery of the Double Helix 350 Classifying the Platypus 423 Uniformitarianism Versus Catastrophism 609 vi Special Features TECHNOLOGY Direct and Indirect Forms of Solar Power 74 Communications Satellites 91 Engineering for Thermal Expansion 109 Electromagnetic Induction in Everyday Technologies 138 Broadcasting Radio Waves 143 Antinoise Technology 160 The Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM) 170 Radioactive Tracers 195 Nuclear Fission Reactors 206 The Catalytic Converter 286 Big News in Biology Today—Biotech 363 Bacteria Power 407 Mapping the Brain in Action: Functional MRIs 432 Visual Prostheses for the Blind 440 Transplanting Bone Marrow in the Fight Against Cancer 457 The Case for Hybrid Cars 491 Direct Measurement of Continental Drift 518 Synthetic Diamonds 537 Remote Sensing 557 The Barometer 584 Telescopes 659 LYONMF02_0132432854.qxd 6/10/06 11:00 AM Page vi Contents in Detail The Conceptual Integrated Science Photo Album xiii To the Student xv To the Instructor xvi Acknowledgments xxii Some Unifying Concepts of Science xxiii 1 About Science 1 1.1 A Brief History of Advances in Science 1 1.2 Mathematics and Conceptual Integrated Science 2 1.3 The Scientific Method—A Classic Tool 4 1.4 The Scientific Hypothesis 4 1.5 The Scientific Experiment 5 1.6 Facts, Theories, and Laws 6 1.7 Science Has Limitations 7 1.8 Science, Art, and Religion 7 1.9 Technology—The Practical Use of Science 9 1.10 The Natural Sciences: Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Earth Science, and Astronomy 9 1.11 Integrated Science 10 INTEGRATED SCIENCE—Chemistry and Biology An Investigation of Sea Butterflies 10 PART ONE PHYSICS 15 2 Describing Motion 17 2.1 Aristotle on Motion 17 2.2 Galileo’s Concept of Inertia 18 2.3 Mass—A Measure of Inertia 20 2.4 Net Force 22 2.5 The Equilibrium Rule 22 2.6 The Support Force 24 2.7 Equilibrium of Moving Things 26 2.8 The Force of Friction 26 INTEGRATED SCIENCE—Biology, Astronomy, Earth Science, and Chemistry Friction Is Universal 27 2.9 Speed and Velocity 28 2.10 Acceleration 30 INTEGRATED SCIENCE—Biology Hang Time 32 3 Newton’s Laws of Motion 36 3.1 Newton’s First Law of Motion 36 3.2 Newton’s Second Law of Motion 37 INTEGRATED SCIENCE—Biology Gliding 43 3.3 Forces and Interactions 44 3.4 Newton’s Third Law of Motion 45 INTEGRATED SCIENCE—Biology Animal Locomotion 49 3.5 Vectors 50 3.6 Summary of Newton’s Three Laws 52 4 Momentum and Energy 57 4.1 Momentum 57 4.2 Impulse 58 4.3 Impulse–Momentum Relationship 58 INTEGRATED SCIENCE—Biology The Impulse–Momentum Relationship in Sports 60 4.4 Conservation of Momentum 61 4.5 Energy 63 INTEGRATED SCIENCE—Biology and Chemistry Glucose: Energy for Life 64 4.6 Power 65 4.7 Potential Energy 66 vii LYONMF02_0132432854.qxd 9/21/06 3:25 PM Page vii 4.8 Kinetic Energy 67 4.9 The Work–Energy Theorem 68 4.10 Conservation of Energy 70 4.11 Machines 71 5 Gravity 78 5.1 The Legend of the Falling Apple 78 5.2 The Fact of the Falling Moon 78 5.3 Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation 79 5.4 Gravity and Distance: The Inverse-Square Law 80 5.5 The Universal Gravitational Constant, G 81 INTEGRATED SCIENCE—Biology Your Biological Gravity Detector 82 5.6 Weight and Weightlessness 83 INTEGRATED SCIENCE—Biology Center of Gravity of People 85 5.7 Gravity Can Be a Centripetal Force 86 5.8 Projectile Motion 86 5.9 Projectile Altitude and Range 88 5.10 The Effect of Air Drag on Projectiles 89 5.11 Fast-Moving Projectiles—Satellites 89 5.12 Elliptical Orbits 91 INTEGRATED SCIENCE—Astronomy Escape Speed 92 6 Heat 98 6.1 The Kinetic Theory of Matter 98 6.2 Temperature 98 6.3 Absolute Zero 100 6.4 What Is Heat? 101 6.5 The Laws of Thermodynamics 102 INTEGRATED SCIENCE—Chemistry and Biology Entropy 103 6.6 Specific Heat Capacity 105 INTEGRATED SCIENCE—Earth Science Specific Heat Capacity and Earth’s Climate 106 6.7 Thermal Expansion 108 6.8 Heat Transfer: Conduction 111 6.9 Heat Transfer: Convection 112 6.10 Heat Transfer: Radiation 113 7 Electricity and Magnetism 119 7.1 Electric Force and Charge 119 7.2 Coulomb’s Law 121 7.3 Electric Field 122 7.4 Electric Potential 122 7.5 Conductors and Insulators 124 7.6 Voltage Sources 125 viii Contents in Detail 7.7 Electric Current 125 7.8 Electrical Resistance 126 7.9 Ohm’s Law 127 INTEGRATED SCIENCE—Biology Electric Shock 127 7.10 Electric Circuits 129 7.11 Electric Power 130 7.12 Magnetic Force 131 7.13 Magnetic Fields 131 INTEGRATED SCIENCE—Biology and Earth Science Earth’s Magnetic Field and the Ability of Organisms to Sense It 133 7.14 Magnetic Forces on Moving Charges 134 7.15 Electromagnetic Induction 136 8 Waves—Sound and Light 142 8.1 Vibrations and Waves 142 8.2 Wave Motion 144 8.3 Transverse and Longitudinal Waves 145 8.4 The Nature of Sound 145 INTEGRATED SCIENCE—Biology Sensing Pitch 146 8.5 Resonance 147 8.6 The Nature of Light 148 8.7 Reflection 150 8.8 Transparent and Opaque Materials 151 8.9 Color 153 INTEGRATED SCIENCE—Biology Mixing Colored Lights 155 8.10 Refraction 156 8.11 Diffraction 158 8.12 Interference 159 8.13 The Doppler Effect 160 INTEGRATED SCIENCE—Astronomy The Doppler Effect and the Expanding Universe 161 8.14 The Wave-Particle Duality 162 9 The Atom 167 9.1 The Elements 167 9.2 Atoms Are Ancient, Tiny, and Empty 167 9.3 Protons and Neutrons 170 9.4 Isotopes and Atomic Mass 172 INTEGRATED SCIENCE—Chemistry, Biology, Earth Science Physical and Conceptual Models 178 9.5 Atomic Spectra 175 9.6 The Quantum Hypothesis 177 LYONMF02_0132432854.qxd 9/29/06 9:50 AM Page viii 9.7 Electron Waves 180 9.8 Probability Clouds and Atomic Orbitals 181 INTEGRATED SCIENCE—Chemistry The Shell Model 184 10 Nuclear Physics 190 10.1 Radioactivity 190 10.2 Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Rays 191 10.3 Environmental Radiation 193 INTEGRATED SCIENCE—Biology Doses of Radiation 194 10.4 The Atomic Nucleus and the Strong Nuclear Force 196 10.5 Half-Life 198 10.6 Transmutation of Elements 199 INTEGRATED SCIENCE—Biology, Earth Science Isotopic Dating 202 10.7 Nuclear Fission 204 10.8 The Mass-Energy Relationship— 205 10.9 Nuclear Fusion 209 PART TWO CHEMISTRY 215 11 Investigating Matter 217 11.1 Chemistry: Integral to Our Lives 217 INTEGRATED SCIENCE—Astronomy Origin of the Moon 217 11.2 The Submicroscopic World 220 11.3 Phases of Matter 220 11.4 Change of Phase 222 INTEGRATED SCIENCE—Physics and Biology Evaporation Cools You Off, Condensation Warms You Up 223 11.5 Physical and Chemical Properties of Matter 225 11.6 Elements and the Periodic Table 228 11.7 Organization of the Periodic Table 230 11.8 Elements to Compounds 234 11.9 Naming Compounds 235 12 The Nature of Chemical Bonds 241 12.1 Electron Shells and Chemical Bonding 241 12.2 The Ionic Bond 243 12.3 The Metallic Bond 246 12.4 The Covalent Bond 247 12.5 Polar Bonds and Polar Molecules 250 12.6 Interparticle Attractions 253 INTEGRATED SCIENCE—Physics and Biology How Geckos Walk on Walls—The Adhesive Force 255 E = mc2 Contents in Detail ix INTEGRATED SCIENCE—Biology and Earth Science Mixtures 256 12.7 Solutions 257 12.8 Solubility 259 INTEGRATED SCIENCE—Biology Fish Depend on Dissolved Oxygen 261 13 Chemical Reactions 265 13.1 Chemical Reactions and Chemical Equations 265 13.2 Acid–Base Reactions 267 13.3 Salts 270 13.4 Solutions: Acidic, Basic, or Neutral 271 13.5 The pH Scale 272 INTEGRATED SCIENCE—Earth Science Acid Rain 274 13.6 Oxidation–Reduction Reactions 276 INTEGRATED SCIENCE—Physics Fuel Cells 278 13.7 Corrosion and Combustion 280 13.8 The Rate of Chemical Reactions 281 INTEGRATED SCIENCE—Physics, Biology, and Earth Science The Effect of Temperature on Reaction Rate 282 13.9 Endothermic Versus Exothermic Reactions 285 13.10 Entropy and Chemical Reactions 289 14 Organic Chemistry 294 14.1 Hydrocarbons 294 14.2 Unsaturated Hydrocarbons 297 14.3 Functional Groups 298 14.4 Alcohols, Phenols, Ethers, and Amines 299 INTEGRATED SCIENCE—Biology Drug Action and Discovery 301 14.5 Ketones, Aldehydes, Amides, Carboxylic Acids, and Esters 303 14.6 Polymers 306 PART THREE BIOLOGY 317 15 The Basic Unit of Life—The Cell 319 15.1 Characteristics of Life 319 INTEGRATED SCIENCE—Chemistry Macromolecules Needed for Life 321 15.2 Cell Types: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic 323 INTEGRATED SCIENCE—Physics The Microscope 325 15.3 Tour of a Eukaryotic Cell 327 15.4 Cell Membrane: Structure and Function 329 15.5 Transport Mechanisms 330 LYONMF02_0132432854.qxd 6/12/06 1:06 PM Page ix 15.6 Cellular Communication 333 15.7 How Cells Reproduce 334 15.8 How Cells Use Energy 336 INTEGRATED SCIENCE—Chemistry Chemical Reactions in Cells 338 15.9 Photosynthesis 339 15.10 Cellular Respiration 341 15.11 The Life Spans of Cells 343 16 Genetics 348 16.1 What Is a Gene? 348 16.2 Chromosomes: Packages of Genetic Information 348 INTEGRATED SCIENCE—Chemistry The Structure of DNA 349 16.3 DNA Replication 351 16.4 Transcription and Translation 351 16.5 Meiosis: Genetic Diversity 355 16.6 Mendelian Genetics 356 16.7 Inheritance: Beyond Mendelian Genetics 359 16.8 The Human Genome 361 16.9 Genetic Mutations 363 INTEGRATED SCIENCE—Physics How Radioactivity Causes Genetic Mutations 366 16.10 Cancer: Genes Gone Awry 366 INTEGRATED SCIENCE—Earth Science Environmental Causes of Cancer 368 17 The Evolution of Life 372 17.1 The Origin of Life 372 INTEGRATED SCIENCE—Astronomy Did Life on Earth Originate on Mars? 374 17.2 Early Life on Earth 375 17.3 The First Eukaryotic Cells 375 17.4 Charles Darwin and The Origin of Species 376 17.5 How Natural Selection Works 379 INTEGRATED SCIENCE—Physics Animal Adaptations to Heat and Cold 382 17.6 How Species Form 387 17.7 Evidence of Evolution 391 INTEGRATED SCIENCE—Earth Science Earth’s Tangible Evidence of Evolution 393 17.8 Does Evolution Occur Gradually or in Spurts? 395 17.9 The Evolution of Humans 396 18 Biological Diversity 401 18.1 Classifying Living Things 401 18.2 The Three Domains of Life 405 18.3 Bacteria 406 x Contents in Detail 18.4 Archaea 407 18.5 Protists 408 18.6 Plants 409 18.7 Fungi 414 18.8 Animals 415 INTEGRATED SCIENCE—Earth Science Coral Bleaching 416 INTEGRATED SCIENCE—Physics How Birds Fly 423 18.9 Viruses and Infectious Molecules 424 19 Human Biology I—Control and Development 429 19.1 Organization of the Human Body 429 19.2 Homeostasis 430 19.3 The Brain 430 19.4 The Nervous System 432 19.5 How Neurons Work 434 INTEGRATED SCIENCE—Physics How Fast Can Action Potentials Travel? 438 INTEGRATED SCIENCE—Chemistry Endorphins 438 19.6 The Senses 439 19.7 Hormones 443 19.8 Reproduction and Development 446 19.9 The Skeleton and Muscles 447 20 Human Biology II—Care and Maintenance 453 20.1 Integration of Body Systems 453 20.2 The Circulatory System 453 INTEGRATED SCIENCE—Chemistry Hemoglobin 456 20.3 Respiration 457 20.4 Digestion 459 20.5 Nutrition, Exercise, and Health 461 INTEGRATED SCIENCE—Physics and Chemistry Low-Carb Versus Low-Cal Diets 462 20.6 Excretion and Water Balance 464 20.7 Keeping the Body Safe: Defense Systems 466 21 Ecosystems and Environment 475 21.1 Organisms and Their Environment 475 21.2 Species Interactions 477 21.3 Energy Flow in Ecosystems 481 INTEGRATED SCIENCE—Physics Energy Leaks Where Trophic Levels Meet 483 21.4 Kinds of Ecosystems 484 INTEGRATED SCIENCE—Earth Science Materials Cycling in Ecosystems 489 LYONMF02_0132432854.qxd 6/12/06 1:06 PM Page x 21.5 Change in an Ecosystem 492 21.6 Population Studies 494 21.7 Human Population Growth 497 PART FOUR EARTH SCIENCE 503 22 Plate Tectonics 505 22.1 Earth Science Before the Twentieth Century 505 22.2 Using Seismology to Look Inside the Earth 506 22.3 More About Earth’s Layers 507 INTEGRATED SCIENCE—Physics Isostasy 508 22.4 Continental Drift—An Idea Before Its Time 511 22.5 A Mechanism for Continental Drift 513 22.6 Plate Tectonics 515 INTEGRATED SCIENCE—Physics What Forces Drive the Plates? 516 22.7 Divergent Plate Boundaries 518 22.8 Convergent Plate Boundaries 519 INTEGRATED SCIENCE—Biology Life in the Trenches 520 22.9 Transform Plate Boundaries 521 22.10 Earthquakes 523 INTEGRATED SCIENCE—Physics Anatomy of a Tsunami 524 23 Rocks and Minerals 531 23.1 Materials of the Earth 531 23.2 What Is a Mineral? 532 23.3 Mineral Properties 534 23.4 The Formation of Minerals 536 23.5 Classifying Minerals 538 INTEGRATED SCIENCE—Chemistry The Silicate Tetrahedron 539 23.6 Rocks 541 23.7 Igneous Rocks 542 INTEGRATED SCIENCE—Physics The Texture of Igneous Rocks 544 23.8 Sedimentary Rocks 545 INTEGRATED SCIENCE—Biology Coal 548 23.9 Metamorphic Rocks 549 23.10 The Rock Cycle 551 24 Earth’s Surface—Land and Water 556 24.1 A Survey of the Earth 556 24.2 Crustal Deformation—Folds and Faults 558 24.3 Mountains 560 Contents in Detail xi 24.4 Earth’s Waters 564 24.5 The Ocean Floor 565 INTEGRATED SCIENCE—Physics Ocean Waves 566 INTEGRATED SCIENCE—Chemistry Ocean Water 567 24.6 Fresh Water 568 INTEGRATED SCIENCE—Chemistry Groundwater Contamination 571 24.7 Surface Processes—Wearing Away Earth’s Surface Layer 572 25 Weather 579 25.1 Weather and Climate 579 25.2 Solar Radiation 580 25.3 Atmospheric Pressure 582 25.4 Structure and Composition of Earth’s Atmosphere 583 INTEGRATED SCIENCE—Chemistry The Atmospheric “Ozone Hole” 586 25.5 Circulation of the Atmosphere—Wind 587 INTEGRATED SCIENCE—Physics The Coriolis Effect 591 25.6 Oceanic Circulation—Currents 592 25.7 Humidity 594 25.8 Clouds and Precipitation 595 25.9 Changing Weather—Air Masses, Fronts, and Cyclones 598 25.10 Storms 601 25.11 Global Climate Change 602 INTEGRATED SCIENCE—Physics The Greenhouse Effect 603 26 Earth’s History 608 26.1 A Model of Earth’s History 608 26.2 The Rock Record 610 INTEGRATED SCIENCE—Physics Radiometric Dating of Rock 611 26.3 Geologic Time 612 26.4 Precambrian Time (4500 to 542 Million Years Ago) 613 INTEGRATED SCIENCE—Biology and Chemistry The Great Transformation of Earth’s Atmosphere 614 26.5 The Paleozoic Era (542 to 248 Million Years Ago) 615 INTEGRATED SCIENCE—Biology The Permian Extinction 618 LYONMF02_0132432854.qxd 6/12/06 1:06 PM Page xi 26.6 The Mesozoic Era (248 to 65 Million Years Ago) 619 INTEGRATED SCIENCE—Biology and Astronomy The Cretaceous Extinction 619 26.7 The Cenozoic Era (65 Million Years to the Present) 621 PART FIVE ASTRONOMY 625 27 The Solar System 627 27.1 Overview of the Solar System 627 27.2 The Nebular Theory 630 INTEGRATED SCIENCE—Physics The Solar Nebula Heats Up, Spins Faster, and Flattens 631 INTEGRATED SCIENCE—Chemistry The Chemical Composition of the Solar System 632 27.3 The Sun 633 27.4 The Inner Planets 634 27.5 The Outer Planets 637 INTEGRATED SCIENCE—Biology What Makes a Planet Suitable for Life? 640 27.6 Earth’s Moon 641 INTEGRATED SCIENCE—Physics Why One Side of the Moon Always Faces Us 642 27.7 Asteroids, Comets, and Meteoroids 642 28 The Universe 649 28.1 Observing the Night Sky 649 28.2 The Brightness and Colors of Stars 651 INTEGRATED SCIENCE—Physics Radiation Curves of Stars 652 28.3 The Hertzsprung–Russell Diagram 653 28.4 The Life Cycles of Stars 655 28.5 Black Holes 658 28.6 Galaxies 660 INTEGRATED SCIENCE—Biology The Search for Extraterrestrial Life 662 28.7 The Big Bang 663 28.8 Quasars 665 Appendix A On Measurement and Unit Conversion A-1 United States Customary System A-1 Système International A-1 Unit Conversion A-3 Appendix B Linear and Rotational Motion B-1 Advanced Concepts of Motion B-1 Circular Motion B-3 Torque B-3 Angular Momentum B-4 Conservation of Angular Momentum B-5 Appendix C Working with Vector Components C-1 Adding Vectors C-1 Finding Components of Vectors C-1 The Polarization of Light—An Application of Vector Components C-2 Appendix D Exponential Growth and Doubling Time D-1 Appendix E Physics of Fluids E-1 Density E-1 Pressure E-1 Buoyancy E-2 Pressure in a Gas E-4 Appendix F Chemical Equilibrium F-1 Appendix G Mathematical Topics in Chemistry G-1 Appendix H Regional Earth Science Topic for California H-1 Appendix I Safety I-1 Suggested Websites W-1 Glossary GL-1 Credits PC-1 Index IN-1 xii Contents in Detail LYONMF02_0132432854.qxd 6/21/06 11:44 AM Page xii The Conceptual Integrated Science Photo Album For scientists and nonscientists alike, discovering the scientific principles under- lying everyday things makes science fun. In this book, the authors proudly share some pictures of family and friends enjoying the science of everyday life. The Part Openers feature our children. Part 1 (Physics) opens on page 15 with Emily Abrams, granddaughter of author Paul Hewitt—and daughter of Leslie and Bob Abrams. Part 2 (Chemistry) on page 215 is Lillian Hewitt’s uncle Robert Chew’s grandson, Darren Yee. Jennifer Yeh’s children Io and Pico introduce Part 3 (Biology) on page 317. Paul’s grandchildren Megan and Emily Abrams launch Part 4 (Earth Science). Suzanne Lyons’ kids, Tristan and Simone, ponder the cosmos on page 625, introducing the astronomy por- tion of this book—Part 5. Let the spirit of wonder these children represent forever be nourished! Author Paul, with wife Lillian on page 48, demonstrates Newton’s Third Law—that one cannot touch without being touched. Lillian’s dad, Wai Tsan Lee, is on page 141. Paul’s brother Steve with his daughter Gretchen are shown on page 55. Paul’s daughter-in-law, Ludmila, holds Polaroids on page C-4. Leslie Hewitt Abrams, earth scientist and important contributor to this book is shown on page 188 in a colorized rendition of her photo at age 16. This photo has been in all her dad’s books since then. Leslie’s brother Paul illustrates the cooling of expanding air on page 112, and their brother James shows gyroscopic motion on page B-5. Nephew Robert Baruffaldi is seen on the far right of the same photo. Their mom and Paul’s former wife Millie, recently deceased, is shown on page 112. John Suchocki (pronounced Su-hock-ee, with silent c) walks barefoot on red-hot coals on page 111. John’s wife, Tracy, assesses the physical changes in son Evan on page 228. Sam, the family dog, cools by evaporation on page 224. Daughter Maitreya contemplates her favorite dessert on page 294. John’s mom (Paul’s sister) Marjorie Suchocki, theologian and author of several books, is being reflective on page 150. Suzanne’s husband, Pete Lang, illustrates thermodynamics on page 103. Daughter Simone muses about selective reflection on page 153, and son Tris- tan illustrates finger force on page 28. Tristan and Simone demonstrate close- ness on page 172. Jennifer’s husband, Nils Gilman, shoots a basket in Golden Gate Park on page 462. Jennifer’s sister, Pamela Yeh, also a biologist, appears on page 476. Friends of the authors include Burl Grey who, as discussed in Chapter 2, instilled in Paul a love of science so many years ago. Tenny Lim puts energy into her bow on page 66. Will Maynez shows momentum changes with his air track on page 63. Chelcie Liu shows his ball tracks on page B-2. On page C-2 is a caricature of Paul’s cartoonist mentor, Ernie Brown, who designed the title logo on the covers of all of Paul’s books. The inclusion of these people who are so dear to the authors makes this book all the more our labor of love. xiii LYONMF02_0132432854.qxd 10/2/06 3:16 PM Page xiii Paul G. Hewitt Paul pioneered the conceptual approach to teaching at City College of San Francisco, with guest spots at the University of California at both the Berke- ley and Santa Cruz campuses, and the University of Hawaii at both the Manoa and Hilo campuses. He also taught his physics course for 20 years at the Exploratorium in San Francisco, which honored him with its Lifetime Achievement Award in 2000. His books are translated in 12 languages and used worldwide. Suzanne Lyons Suzanne received her B.A. in physics from the University of California, Berkeley and her master’s degree in education with a focus on science pedagogy and instructional methods at Stanford University. She has been the editor of Concep- tual Physics and other books in the Conceptual series for 16 years and has authored 7 books on physics, hands-on science activities, and other topics in sci- ence and education. She has taught physics, physical science, and general science to students of diverse age and ability levels, from elementary school through college. She presently lectures at California State University, Sacramento. John Suchocki John is author of Conceptual Chemistry as well as coauthor of Conceptual Physical Science, and Conceptual Physical Science Explorations. John obtained his Ph.D. in organic chemistry from Virginia Commonwealth University. He taught chemistry at the University of Hawaii at Manoa and then at Leeward Community College. Besides his work authoring textbooks, John is currently an adjunct faculty member at Saint Michael’s College in his company, Conceptual Productions, and produces music through his own recording label, www.CProMUSIC.com. Jennifer Yeh Jennifer earned a Ph.D. in integrative biology from the University of Texas, Austin, for her work on frog skeleton evolution. She obtained her B.A. in physics and astronomy from Harvard University. Following her graduate work, Jennifer was a postdoctoral fellow at the University of California, San Francisco, where she studied the genetics of breast cancer. Jennifer teaches courses in physics, cell biology, human embryology, vertebrate anatomy, and ecology and evolution. She is the author of numerous scientific papers and the book Endangered Species: Must They Disappear? (Thomson/Gale, © 2002, 2004). xiv The Conceptual Integrated Science Photo Album LYONMF02_0132432854.qxd 10/21/06 10:52 AM Page xiv