UUnniivveerrssiittyy ooff VVeerrmmoonntt UUVVMM SScchhoollaarrWWoorrkkss UVM Honors College Senior Theses Undergraduate Theses 2017 CCoonncceeppttss ooff MMoorraall GGeeooggrraapphhyy iinn DDaannttee AAlliigghhiieerrii aanndd JJaammeess JJooyyccee Alexander P. Benoit Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.uvm.edu/hcoltheses RReeccoommmmeennddeedd CCiittaattiioonn Benoit, Alexander P., "Concepts of Moral Geography in Dante Alighieri and James Joyce" (2017). UVM Honors College Senior Theses. 223. https://scholarworks.uvm.edu/hcoltheses/223 This Honors College Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Undergraduate Theses at UVM ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in UVM Honors College Senior Theses by an authorized administrator of UVM ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CONCEPTS OF MORAL GEOGRAPHY IN DANTE ALIGHIERI AND JAMES JOYCE Undergraduate Honors Thesis By Alexander Paul Benoît University of Vermont Supervisor: Dr. R. Thomas Simone, Department of English Committee Members: Dr. Sean Witters, Department of English and Dr. Ignacio López-Vicuña, Department of Romance Languages and Linguistics Fall, 2017 To Zach 2 “Now, my darling Nora, I want you to read over and over all I have written to you. Some of it is ugly, obscene and bestial, some of it is pure and holy and spiritual: all of it is myself.”1 - James Joyce 1 Kevin Birmingham. The Most Dangerous Book: The Battle for James Joyce’s “Ulysses.” New York: Penguin, 2014:16. 3 Table of Contents Abstract………………………………………………………………………………………5 Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………………….6 Citation Abbreviations and a Note on the Citations…………………………………………7 Preface……………………………………………………………………………………….8 Previous Work……………………………………………………………………………….11 The Concept of Moral Geography…………………………………………………………...13 Moral Geography in Dante: The Image of Water……………………………………………17 The Bridge from Dante to Joyce…………………………………………………………….33 “Wombed in sin darkness I was too”: The Liminal Moral Landscape in “Proteus”………..40 Moral Geography in “Circe”………………………………………………………………...54 Creating Moral Space in the Geography of “Penelope” ……………………………………70 Diving into the Wake: Beyond “Penelope” and Ulysses……………………………………83 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………….84 Appendices………………………………………………………………………………….86 Works Cited…………………………………………………………………………………92 4 Statement of Thesis — Abstract Moral geography illustrates the relationship between the landscape and the moral, religious, and psychological structures that are in place in the text. In literature, moral geography is present vis-à-vis how the physical landscape reflects the mental landscape of the characters, and vice versa. This is especially pertinent in Dante, who can be seen as the most prominent example of moral geographical frameworks in the Western canon. Joyce, who was an avid reader of Dante, understood Dante’s use of the concept and redefined the concept to suit his purpose in Ulysses. This thesis operates upon the premise that the moral geographical framework laid by Dante laid the groundwork for Joyce’s moral geographical framework, and though Joyce altered Dante’s to a fair degree, he is indebted to Dante for this framework. 5 Acknowledgements To my friends, I am incredibly grateful for the constant support that I was given. I give special thanks to Zachary Hawkins, Taylor Nowicki, Gabriel Lavendal, Austen Thum, Sean Pease, Claire Doyle, Katie Robinson, Morgan Schwartz, Becca Thompson, Lily Abrams, Shane Town, Julia Hurd, and Matthew Agranat. Many thanks to Johannes Christopher, whose many discussions on “Circe” helped to formulate key ideas for my work. Further thanks go to my classmates in both the Dante independent study in Spring 2017 as well as the Joyce seminar in Fall 2017. To Dad, Mom, Maggie, Abby, Drake, and Ahab: thank you for your constant and unfettered loving support. I cannot thank all of you enough, and I hope that this work serves as testimony to my deepest appreciation for all of you. Dr. Thomas Simone guided me through this process over the past year, and I am incredibly grateful for his dedication to my project and for the numerous discussions we have had over the years that helped me to formulate this thesis. I would finally like to thank the other two committee members of this thesis for the time and resources they provided me with. Dr. Sean Witters and Dr. Ignacio Lopez-Vicuña provided me with comments and feedback that I am incredibly grateful for. I further wish to thank Dr. Antonello Borra for his reading of draft material on Dante that provided me with guidance and direction. The time they all devoted to me was extremely helpful in guiding me during the writing and revising process, and to them I am extremely grateful. A.M.D.G. 6 Citation Abbreviations and a Note on the Citation All citations to the primary sources used in this thesis — being the works of Dante and Joyce — are parenthetically cited in the text for the convenience of the reader. For Ulysses, the citation format is “U” followed by the chapter number in roman numerals, followed by the line numbers of the quote. For Dante, the citation format is the abbreviated title of the work (see below), followed by the canto number in roman numerals, followed by the line numbers of the quote. A list of the abbreviations with the exact texts they reference is provided for your convenience below. Inf. — Alighieri, Dante. Inferno. Translated by Tom Simone. Newburyport: Focus Publishing, 2007. Purg. — Alighieri, Dante. Purgatorio. Translated by Tom Simone. Newburyport: Focus Publishing, 2014. Par. — Alighieri, Dante. Paradiso. Translated by Tom Simone. Newburyport: Focus Publishing, 2017. Portrait — Joyce, James. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. New York: Penguin Books, 1964. U. — Joyce, James. Ulysses. Ed. Hans Walter Gabler. New York, New York: Random House, 1986. FW — Joyce, James. Finnegans Wake. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012. Additionally, there are three appendices located at the terminus of this thesis. “Appendix D.(#)” refers to the Dante section; “Appendix D.J.(#)” to the Bridge section; “Appendix J.(#)” to the Joyce section. 7 Preface In the Western literary tradition there are few giants that stand as tall as Dante Alighieri and James Joyce. Both were innovators, philosophers, and social cast-offs — Dante as a sociopolitical exile and Joyce as a cultural exile (though it was self-imposed). Their respective literary pinnacles, the Commedia and Ulysses, are referenced time and again as capstone creations of human experience in art. Joyce was born in 1882, five hundred and sixty-one years after Dante passed away in Ravenna in 1321. While many centuries separate their works and social circumstances, their works share a remarkable number of similarities. Both Joyce and Dante insert themselves into the work via the protagonist; in the Commedia, Dante is the Pilgrim, and in Ulysses and A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, Joyce is Stephen Dedalus.2 Dante caustically refers to Florence a number of times in the Commedia, suggesting that the City of Dis in Inferno resembles Dante’s home city. This is further attested to by the fact that Dante’s Inferno is populated with a plethora of Florentine residents from times past and present. Joyce chose to situate Ulysses in Dublin on a single June day that showcases a wide variety of human experience and interaction. Both writers chose to have one of the central themes of their works be love, and both were inspired by women (Beatrice de Portinari and Nora Barnacle, respectively) in the writings of their texts. Joyce was a student of Dante’s from quite early on in his literary career. He was exposed to Dante from a very early age, probably in his early teens, and he studied the Italian poet intensively during his time in college and university. Joyce’s major published works, beginning 2 Mary T Reynolds. Joyce and Dante: The Shaping Imagination. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton Legacy Library, 1981: 4. 8 with Dubliners and leading up through Finnegans Wake, are rife with Dantean references and allusions. These have been investigated to some detail by past scholars, but Joyce’s use of Dante’s understanding of moral geography has not been as well documented. I attempt to bridge a portion of this gap in this thesis, and “The Bridge from Dante and Joyce” serves to illustrate parallels between the two writers as well as transitioning from the Commedia to Ulysses and the differing representations of the concept in both works. The relationship between the physical geographical landscape and the moral, religious, and psychological landscape is of paramount importance in Dante. The juxtaposition of the mental within the physical and vice versa helps to elucidate moral principles important to Dante as well as illuminating situations of great moral importance. This is evidently seen in the structure of each of his canticles where the physical landscape reflects the moral instances in place in the text. As a student of Dante, Joyce understood Dante’s use of this structure and further adapted it to fit his modern milieu. My research delves precisely into this facet of the relationship between the two writers and expands into Joyce’s use of the concept. In doing so, attention is given to Dante and Joyce individually, as well as to Joyce’s renegotiation and redefinition of the conceptual framework that Dante uses. Because of this, Joyce’s moralized landscape opens a dialogue with Dante’s moralized landscape that exhibits the relationship they had with each other. The first chapter discusses the concept of moral geography at a greater length in an attempt to give the reader a larger understanding of the conceptual framework found in Dante. Chapter two shows the implementation of the concept in Dante’s work and shows how it is present throughout the Commedia via the image of water. The image of water is given direct focus because of its continuity throughout the text as well as its extensive applications in Joyce’s 9