Computer Techniques in Radiation Transport and Dosimetry ETTORE MAJORANA INTERNATIONAL SCIENCE SERIES Series Editor: Antonino Zichichi European Physical Society Geneva, Switzerland (PHYSICAL SCIENCES) Volume 1 INTERACTING BOSONS IN NUCLEAR PHYSICS Edited by F. lachello Volume 2 HADRONIC MATTER AT EXTREME ENERGY DENSITY Edited by Nicola Cabibbo and Luigi Sertorio Volume 3 COMPUTER TECHNIQUES IN RADIATION TRANSPORT AND DOSIMETRY Edited by Walter R. Nelson and Theodore M. Jenkins Volume 4 EXOTIC ATOMS '79: Fundamental Interactions and Structure of Matter Edited by Kenneth Crowe, Jean Duclos, Giovanni Fiorentini, and Gabriele Torelli Computer Techniques in Radiation Transport and Dosimetry Edited by Walter R. Nelson CERN Geneva, Switzerland and SLAC Stanford, California and Theodore M. Jenkins SLAC Stanford, California Plenum Press . New York and London library of Congress cataloging in Publication Data International School of Radiation Damage and Protection, 2d, Erice, Italy, 1978. Computer techniques in radiation transport and dosimetry. (Ettore Majorana international sciences series: Physical science; v. 3) Includes index. 1. Shielding (Radiation)-Data processing-Congresses. 2. Shielding (Radiation) Computer programs-Congresses. 3. Radiation dosimetry-Data processing-Con gresses. 4. Radiation dosimetry-Computer programs-Congresses. I. Nelson, Walter Ralph, 1937- 11. Jenkins, Theodore M. 111. Title. IV. Series. TK9210.1571978 621.48'028 79-20872 ISBN 978-1-4684-3610-5 ISBN 978-1-4684-3608-2 (eBook) 001 10.10071978-1-4684-3608-2 Proceedings of the Second International School of Radiation Damage and Protection, held in Erice, Sicily, October 25-November 3,1978 © 1980 Plenum Press, New York Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1 st edition 1980 A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation 227 West 17th Street, New York, N.Y. 10011 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission fram the publisher PREFACE In October 1978, a group of 41 scientists from 14 countries met in Erice, Sicily to attend the Second Course of the Interna tional School of Radiation Damage and Protection "Ettore Majorana", the proceedings of which are contained in this book. The countries represented at the School were: Brazil, Canada, Federal Republic of Germany, Finland, German Democratic Republic, Hungary, India, Italy, Japan, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United States of America, and Yugoslavia. The School was officially sponsored by the Italian Health Physics Association, the Italian Ministry of Public Education, the Italian Ministry of Scientific and Technological Research, and the Sicilian Regional Government. In addition, administrative and tech nical support was received from the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center and from CERN. The past 15 or so years have witnessed a significant develop ment of computer methods in the science of radiation protection. The radiation transport codes associated with hadronic and electro magnetic cascades, reactor shielding, unfolding techniques, and gamma ray spectrum analysis have reached the state-of-the-art level, and the Erice Course aimed at presenting as comprehensive an over view of these programs as was possible within the allotted time span. In addition, however, we are convinced by experience that the same computer programs are extremely valuable outside the immediate field of radiation protection. For example, in the period between v PREFACE the end of the Course and the publication of this book, the EGS and KASPRO programs have been combined and used at CERN in order to pre dict positron-electron yields from hadronic-electromagnetic cascade development in extended targets at .400 and 20 GeV, and the EGS and RETC programs have been combined at ORNL for similar problems. The CERN calculations are not for purposes of shielding and dosimetry, but are meant to be used in the design of the LEP and antiproton storage ring projects. Nevertheless, while the computer programs that were used for this particular problem have been developed, in most part, within radiation protection groups at CERN and SLAC, they have been used extensively for other things in addition to shielding and dosimetry. The same can be said of the many other computer pro grams developed elsewhere, i.e., at ORNL and Fermilab. The lectures that comprise this book illustrate, therefore, not only the usefulness of various computer programs in radiation pro tection and damage, but show how they can be useful in related scien tific fields, such as medical physics, detector design in high-energy physics, accelerator component design, cosmic ray physics, etc. The book therefore should have appeal to a wide scientific audience. Those interested in electromagnetic and/or hadronic cascade calcu lations will find it extremely valuable as a beginning reference on the subject. As users of most of the programs presented in this book, we have seen a need to explain various facets from the point of view of the user as opposed to the writer. Users have often become dissatisfied with their limited knowledge of the codes that they use; even more than that, the complexity of problems generated by users has dictated that they know the strengths and weaknesses of the codes. We hope that the method of presentation given at Erice, and consequently by this text, will enable users to better understand and appreciate these computer programs. PREFACE ~i A number of people have aided us in our efforts to develop the Erice Course into the success it was, and in the publication of this book. We thank Professor Antonino Zichichi, Director of the "Ettore Majorana" Centre for Scientific Culture, for providing us the oppor tunity to have the Course. Dr. A. Gabriele and Miss P. Savalli were very much appreciated by all participants at Erice, and we are grateful to them. Our close friend and colleague, Dr. A. Rindi, Director of the School of Radiation Damage and Protection, formulated the initial idea for the Course. His help in conducting this Course and his advice as to its concept have been invaluable. Finally, it is very difficult to coordinate the writing and typing efforts of twelve lecturers in seven countries such that a uniform and consistent book is created as a result. The editorial and typing staffs at CERN and SLAC deserve a special thanks. In particular, Mrs. K. Wakely and Mrs. Vascotto at CERN worked very hard on this book, and our co-worker, Mrs. Ruth Parker at SLAC, has been actively involved in all aspects from the inception of the Course. 17 April 1979 Walter R. Nelson CERN and SLAC T. M. Jenkins SLAC CONTENTS INTRODUCTORY LECTURES Lecture 1: Computer Methods in Radiation Protection as Viewed by a User 9 Graham R. Stevenson · . . . . Lecture 2: The Physics of Radiation Transport 17 Keran O'Brien LOW ENERGY NEUTRON AND GAMMA-RAY PROGRAMS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS Lecture 3: The Methods and Applications of Dis crete Ordinates in Low Energy Neutron Photon Transport (ANISN, DOT) Part I: Methods • • • • • • • • • • • • • 59 W. W. Engle, Jr. Lecture 4: The Methods and Applications of Monte Carlo in Low Energy (:<:; 20 MeV) Neutron- Photon Transport (MORSE) Part I: . . Methods. · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 77 T. A. Gabriel Lecture 5: The Methods and Applications of Dis- crete Ordinates in Low Energy Neutron- Photon Transport (ANISN, DOT) Part II: . . . Applications · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 97 W. W. Engle, Jr. Lecture 6: The Methods and Applications of Monte Carlo in Low Energy (:<:; 20 MeV) Neutron- Photon Transport (MORSE) Part II: . . . Applications · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 99 T. A. Gabriel ix x CONTENTS Lecture 7: The European Shielding Information Service - ESIS • • • • • • • • • • • 121 C. Ponti Lecture 8: Cross Section Processing Codes and Data Bases (AMPX) •••••••••• 123 W. W. Engle, Jr. Lecture 9: Radiation Shielding Information Center and Biomedical Computing Technology Information Center •••••••• 125 T. A. Gabriel Lecture 10: Approximate Methods in Reactor Shielding Calculations • • • • • 127 C. Ponti ELECTROMAGNETIC CASCADE SHOWER PROGRAMS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS Lecture 11: The Physics of Electromagnetic Cascade • • • • • • • • • • • • 141 Keran O'Brien Lecture 12: Solution of the Electromagnetic Cascade Shower Problem by Analog Monte Carlo Methods - EGS • • • • 173 Walter R. Nelson Lecture 13: Some Examples for the Application of the Monte Carlo Code EGS •• • • 197 Herbert Dinter Lecture 14: Calculation of the Average Properties of Electromagnetic Cascades at High Energies (AEGIS) • • • • • • • 211 A. Van Ginneken Lecture 15: Electron Dosimetry Using Monte Carlo Techniques 223 Keran O'Brien Lecture 16: Application of EGS to Detector Design in High Energy Physics •••••••• 239 Walter R. Nelson Lecture 17: Application of EGS and ETRAN to Prob lems in Medical Physics and Dosimetry 253 Walter R. Nelson CONTENTS xi HADRONIC CASCADE PROGRAMS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS Lecture 18: Introduction to Hadronic Cascades • • • • 269 Tony W. Armstrong Lecture 19: Particle Production Models, Sampling High-Energy Multiparticle Events from Inclusive Single Particle Distributions •••• • • 279 J. Ranft Lecture 20: The Intranuclear-Cascade Evaporation MOdel • • • • • 311 Tony W. Armstrong Lecture 21: Calculation of the Average Properties of Hadronic Cascades at High Energies (CASIM) 323 A. Van Ginneken Lecture 22: The FLUKA and KASPRO Hadronic Cascade Codes • • • • • • • • • 339 J. Ranft Lecture 23: The HETC Hadronic Cascade Code 373 Tony W. Armstrong UNFOLDING METHODS AND SPECTRUM ANALYSIS Lecture 24: Unfolding Techniques for Activation Detector Analysis 389 J. T. Routti and J. V. Sandberg Lecture 25: Bremsstrahlung Spectrum Analysis by Activation Method (LYRA, DIBRE, REruM) • • • • • • • • • • • • 409 Takashi Nakamura Lecture 26: Application of Activation Spectrum Analysis Method to Shield ing (TAURUS, LYRA, DIBRE, SAND-II) 443 Takashi Nakamura Lecture 27: Activation Detectors and Their Gamma Spectrum Analysis • 479 M. J. Koskelo and J. T. Routti