Com puter F undam entals Copyright © 2010 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd This book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, resold, hired out, or otherwise circulated without the publisher’s prior written consent in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition including this condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser and without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise), without the prior written permission of both the copyright owner and the above-mentioned publisher of this book. ISBN 978-81-317-3309-7 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Published by Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd., licensees of Pearson Education in South Asia Head Office: 7th Floor, Knowledge Boulevard, A-8 (A), Sector 62, NOIDA, 201 309, UP, India. Registered Office: 11 Community Centre, Panchsheel Park, New Delhi 110017, India Typeset by AcePro India Pvt. Ltd Printed in India at Saurabh Printers Pvt. Ltd. Copyrighted material B r i e f C o n t e n t s Preface x x i Acknowledgements XXV UNIT 1 BASiCS_OF_COMPUIER 1. Introduction to Computer 1 2. The Computer System Hardware 19 3. Computer Memory 39 4. Input and Output Devices 61 5. Data Representation 87 UNIT II USER-COMPUTER INTERFACE 6. Interaction of User and Computer 115 • 7. Operating System 131 8. Computer Programming Fundamentals 150 9. Data Communication and Computer Network 163 10. The Internet and Internet Services 196 UNIT 111 APPLICATIONS AND SECURITY 11. Information Systems 219 12. Fundamentals of Database 236 13. Multimedia 256 14. Computer Security 284 UNIT IV COMPUTER PRACTICALS 15. Windows XP 307 16. MS-Word 2007 342 17. MS-Excel 2007 379 18. MS-PowerPoint 2007 422 19. MS-Access 2007 458 20. Network and Internet Connections 486 21. Using LaTeX 503 Appendix A 515 Appendix B 517 Appendix C 519 Appendix D 523 Index 541 Copyrighted material C o n t e n t s rretace Acknowledgements XXI XXV 1JN 1T 1 R A S IC S O F T O M P IJT F R 1 1. Introduction to Computer 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Digital and Analog Computers 2 1.3 Characteristics of Computer 2 1.4 History of Computer 3 1.5 Generations of Computer 4 1.5.1 First Generation (1940 to 1956): Using Vacuum Tubes 4 1.5.2 Second Generation (1956 to 1963): Using Transistors 5 1.5.3 Third Generation (1964 to 1971): Using Integrated Circuits 5 1.5.4 Fourth Generation (1971 to present): Using Microprocessors 1.5.5 Fifth Generation (Present and Next): Using 6 Artificial Intelligence 6 1.6 Classification of Computer 7 1.6.1 Microcomputers 7 1.6.2 Minicomputers 9 1.6.3 Mainframe Computers 9 1.6.4 Supercomputers 9 1.7 The Computer System 10 1.7.1 The Input-Process-Output Concept 11 1.7.2 Components of Computer Hardware 12 1.8 Application of Computers 13 Summary 15 Keywords 16 Questions 17 2, The Computer System Hardware 19 2.1 Introduction 19 2.2 Central Processing Unit 20 2.2.1 Arithmetic Logic Unit 20 2.2.2 Registers 21 2.2.3 Control Unit 22 Copyrighted material _______ v iii I. 1 Contents 2.3 Memory Unit 22 2.3.1 Cache Memory 22 2.3.2 Primary Memory n 2.3.3 Secondary Memory 24 2.4 Instruction Format 24 2.5 Instruction Set 25 2.6 Instruction Cycle 25 12. Microprocessor 22 13. Interconnecting the Units of a Computer 21 2.8.1 System Bus 28 2.8.2 Expansion Bus 29 2.8.3 External Ports 29 2.9 Performance of a Computer 29 2.10 Inside a Computer Cabinet 31 2.10.1 Motherboard 31 2.10.2 Ports ancf Interfaces 32 2.10.3 Expansion Slots 12 2.10.4 Ribbon Cables 31 2.10.5 Memory Chips 34 2.10.6 Storage Devices 34 2.10.7 Processor 34 Summary 35 Keywords 36 Questions 36 Computer Memory 39 3.1 Introduction 39 3.2 Memory Representation 40 3.3 Memory Hierarchy 40 3.4 CPU Registers 42 3.5 Cache Memory 42 3.6 Primary Memory 43 3.6.1 Random Access Memory 43 3.6.2 Read Only Memory 44 3.7 Secondary Memory 46 3.8 Access Types of Storage Devices 46 3.8.1 Sequential Access Devices 46 3.8.2 Direct Access Devices 47 3.9 Magnetic Tape 47 Copyrighted material 3.10 Magnetic Disk 48 3.10.1 Floppy Dink_________________________________________________________ 50 lJQ.2-Bnr.cLDi±k____________________________________________________ i I 3.10.3 Zip Disk______________________________________ .______________________ 52 3.11 Optical Disk__________________________________________________ 52 3.11.1 CD-ROM________________________________________________51 ±J±2-DYDzRQM__________________________________________________________ 51 3.11.3 Recordable Optical Disk 55 3.12 Magneto-Optical Disk 55 3.13 Using the Computer Memory___________________________________ 56 Summary_____________________________________________________ 56 Contents j IX Keywords_____________________________________________________ 57 Questions_____________________________________________________ 58 4. Input and Output Devices__________________________________________ 6} 4J._lntiQ.duc.ti.Qn________________________________________________________________6J 4.2 Input-Output Unit 62 4.2.1 Input Unit 62 4.2.2 Output Unit 62 4.3 Input Devices 63 4.4 Human Data Entry Devices 64 4.4.1 Keyboard 64 4.4.2 Pointing Devices______________________________________________________65 4.4 JL l_MQii.se__________________________________________________________(15 4.4.2.2 TrackBali 66 4.4.2.3 joystick 66 4.4.2.4 Digitizing Tablet 67 4.4.3 Pick Devices 68 4.4.3.1 Light Pen 68 4.4.3.2 Touch Screen 68 4.5 Source Data Entry Devices_____________________________________ 69 4.5.1 A udio Inp ut D evice _________________________________________________________69 4.5.2 Video Input Device___________________________________________________ 69 4.5.3 Optical Input Devices 70 4.5.3.1 Scanner 70 4.5.3.2 Optical Character Recognition (OCR) 71 4.5.3.3 Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR) 72 4.5.3.4 Optical Mark Recognition (OMR) 72 4.5.3.5 Barcode Reader 72 4.6 Output Devices 74 4.6.1 Hard Copy Devices 74 4.6.1.1 Printer 74 4.6.1.2 Plotter 76 4.6.1.3 Computer Output on Microfilm 77 Copyrighted material — M g Contents 4.6.2 Soft Copy Devices 77 4.6.2.1 Monitor 77 4.6.2.2 Visual Display Terminal 77 4.6.2.3 Video Output 78 4.6.2.4 Audio Response 78 4.7 I/O Port 80 4.8 Working of I/O System 81 Summary 82 Keywords 83 Questions 84 5. Data Representation 87 5.1 Introduction 87 5.2 Number System 88 5.2.1 Decimal Number System 88 5.2.2 Binary Number System_______________________________________________ 89 5.2.3 Octal Number System________________________________________________ 89 5.2.4 Hexadecimal Number System________________________________________ 89 5.3 Conversion from Decimal to Binary, Octal, Hexadecimal 90 5.3. / Converting Decimal Integer to Binary, Octal, Hexadecimal 90 5.3.2 Converting Decimal Fraction to Binary, Octal, Hexadecimal 92 5.3.3 Converting D ecim al Integer. Fraction to Binary, O ctal, Hexadecimal 94 5.4 Conversion of Binary, Octal, Hexadecimal to Decimal 95 5.5 Conversion of Binary to Octal, Hexadecimal 97 5.6 Conversion of Octal, Hexadecimal to Binary 97 5.7 Binary Arithmetic 98 5.7.1 Binary Addition 98 5.7.2 Binary Subtraction 100 5.8 Signed and Unsigned Numbers 102 5.8.1 Complement of Binary Numbers 102 5.9 Binary Data Representation 103 5.9.1 Fixed Point Number Representation 103 5.9.2 Floating Point Number Representation 105 5.10 Binary Coding Schemes 106 5.10.1 EBCDIC 106 5.10.2 ASCII_________________________________________________________ 106 5^1D,3.JJniL0ik____________________________________________________________ WZ 5.11 Logic Gates__________________________________________________ 108 Summary 110 Keywords 110 Questions 111 Answers 113 Copyrighted material Contents I Ix i UNIT II USER-COMPUTER INTERFACE 115 6. Interaction of User and Computer 115 6.1 Introduction 115 6.2 Types of Software 116 6.3 System Software 116 6.3.1 Operating System 117 6.3.2 Device Driver 117 6.3.3 System Utilities 118 6.3.4 Programming Languages 120 6.3.4.1 Machine Language 121 6.3.4.2 Assembly Language 121 6.3.4.3 High-level Language 122 6.3.4.4 Different Generations of Programming Languages 122 6.3.5 Translator Software 122 6.3.5.1 Assembler 124 6.3.5.2 Compiler 124 6.3.5.3 Interpreter 125 6.3.6 Linker 125 6.3.7 Loader 125 6.4 Application Software 126 6.5 Software Acquisition 127 Summary 128 Keywords 129 Questions 129 7. Operating System 131 7.1 Introduction 131 7.2 Objectives of Operating System 132 7.3 Types of OS 132 7.4 Functions of OS 134 7.5 Process Management 135 7.5.1 CPU Scheduling 136 7.5.2 Process Synchronization 136 7.5.3 Deadlock 137 7.6 Memory Management 138 7.6.1 Memory Allocation 138 7.6.2 Virtual Memory 139 7.7 File Management 140 7.8 Device Management 141 7.9 Protection and Security 142 Copyrighted material Contents 7.10 User Interface 143 7.11 Examples of Operating Systems 144 7.11.1 MS-DOS 144 7.11.2 Windows Family of OS 145 7.11.2.1 Brief History of Windows OS 146 7.11.3 Linux OS 146 Summary 147 Keywords 147 Questions 148 Computer Programming Fundamentals 150 8.1 Introduction 150 8.2 Program Development Life Cycle 151 8.3 Algorithm 152 8.4 Control Structures 153 8.5 Flowchart 153 8.5.1 Flowchart Symbols 153 8.5.2 Preparing a Flow chart 153 8.6 Pseudo Code 156 8.6.1 Preparing a Pseudo Code 156 8.7 Programming Paradigms 158 8.7.1 Structured Programming 158 8.7.2 Object-Oriented Programming (O O P) 159 8.7.3 Aspect-Oriented Programming 160 Summary 161 Keywords 161 Questions 162 Data Communication and Computer Network 163 9.1 Introduction 163 9.2 Importance of Networking 164 9.3 Data Transmission Media 165 9.3.1 Twistedpair 765 9.3.2 Coaxial Cable 766 9.3.3 Optical Fiber 766 9.3.4 Radio Transmission 767 9.3.5 Microwave Transmission 168 9.3.6 Satellite Transmission 168 Copyrighted material Contents 1____ x iil 9.4 Data Transmission Across Media 168 9.4.1 Transmission Modes 168 9.4.2 Transmission Speed 170 9.4.3 Fundamentals of Transmission 170 9.4.3.1 Analog and Digital Signals 171 9.4.3.2 Modulation and Demodulation 172 9.4.3.3 Multiplexing 174 9.4.3.4 Asynchronous and Synchronous Transmission 174 9.5 Data Transmission and Data Networking 175 9.5.1 Switching 176 9.5.1.1 Circuit Switching 177 9.5.1.2 Message Switching 177 9.5.1.3 Packet Switching 177 9.6 Computer Network 178 9.6.1 Network Types 178 9.6.1.1 Local Area Network 179 9.6.1.2 Metropolitan Area Network 179 9.6.1.3 Wide Area Network 180 9.6.2 LAN Topologies 180 9.6.2.1 Bus Topology 180 9.6.2.2 Ring Topology 181 9.6.2.3 Star Topology 181 9.6.3 Communication Protocol 181 9.6.4 Network Devices 184 9.6.4.1 Network Interface Card 184 9.6.4.2 Repeater 185 9.6.4.3 Bridge 186 9.6.4.4 Hub 186 9.6.4.5 Switch 187 9.6.4.6 Router 188 9.6.4.7 Gateway 188 9.7 Wireless Networking 189 9.7.1 Bluetooth Technology 189 9.7.2 Wireless LAN 190 9.7.3 Wireless WAN 191 Summary 192 Keywords 193 Questions 193 10. The Internet and Internet Services 196 10.1 Introduction 196 10.2 History of Internet 197 10.3 Internetworking Protocol 198 10.4 The Internet Architecture 198 ■ B x i v H i l Contents 10.5 Managing the Internet 199 10.6 Connecting to Internet 199 10.7 Internet Connections 200 10.7.1 Dial-up Access 201 10.7.2 Leased Line 201 10.7.3 Integrated Services Digital Network (ISD N ) 202 10.7.4 Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) 202 10.7.5 Cable Modem 203 10.8 Internet Address 203 10.9 Internet Services 204 10.9.1 World Wide Web (W W W ) 204 10.9.1.1 WebBrowser 206 10.9.1.2 Uniform Resource Locator (URL) 207 10.9.1.3 Internet Search Engines 207 10.9.1.4 W W W Development Languages 209 10.9.2 Electronic M ail 210 10.9.2.1 E-mail Address 210 10.9.2.2 E-mail Message Format 210 10.9.2.3 E-mail Services 211 10.9.2.4 How E-mail Works 211 10.9.3 File Transfer Protocol (FTP) 212 10.9.3.1 How FTP Works 213 10.9.4 Terminal Network (Telnet) 213 10.9.5 News 214 10.9.6 Internet Relay Chat (IRC) 214 10.10 Uses of Internet 214 Summary 215 Keywords 216 Questions 216 UNIT III APPLICATIONS AND SECURITY 219 11. Information Systems 219 11.1 Introduction 219 11.2 Data, Information and Knowledge 220 11.3 Characteristics of Information 221 11.4 Information System (IS) 221 11.5 Computer-Based Information System (CBIS) 223 11.6 Need for Efficient Information System 224 11.7 Categories of Information System 225 Copyrighted material 11.8 Operations Support System 226 11.8.1 Transaction Processing System (TPS) 226 11.8.2 Office Automation System (OAS) 227 11.9 Management Support System 228 11.9.1 Management Information System (M IS) 228 11.9.2 Decision Support System (DSS) 229 11.9.3 Executive Information System (EIS) 230 11.10 Specialized Information System 230 11.10.1 Expert Systems 230 11.10.2 Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) 231 11.10.3 Electronic-Commerce (E-Commerce) 231 11.11 Careers in Information Systems 232 Summary 233 Keywords 234 Questions 234 Fundamentals of Database 236 12.1 Introduction 236 12.2 Database 237 72.2.1 File-Oriented Approach and Database Approach 237 12.2.2 Characteristics of Database Approach 239 12.2.3 Data Models, Schema and Instances 240 12.2.4 High-Level or Conceptual Data Model 240 12.2.4.1 Entity 240 12.2.4.2 Attribute 240 12.2.4.3 Relationship 241 12.2.4.4 Entity-Reiationship (E-R) Model 241 12.2.5 Representation or Implementation Data Model 242 12.2.5.1 Relational Database Model 242 12.2.5.2 Hierarchical Database Model 244 12.2.5.3 Network Database Model 244 12.2.6 Low-Level or Physical Data Model 245 12.3 Database System 245 12.3.1 Components of Database System 245 12.3.2 Architecture of Database System 246 12.4 Database Management System________________________________ 247 12.4.1 Data Independence________________________________________________248 12.4.2 Data Dictionary____________________________________________________248 12.4.3 Database Administrator (DBA)____________________________________ 249 12.4.4 Database Languages_______________________________________________ 249 12.4.4.1 Data Definition Language (DDL)_____________________________ 249 12.4.4.2 Data Manipulation Language (DML)__________________________ 249 Contents i 1 -'IBfeSSlliS Copyrighted material _________ XVI 1 Contents 12.5 Database System Architectures 250 12.5.1 Centralized DBM S Architecture 250 12.5.2 Client-Server Architecture 250 12.5.3 Distributed Databases 251 12.6 Database Applications 251 Summary 252 Keywords 253 Questions 253 13. Multimedia 256 13.1 Introduction 256 13.2 Multimedia: Definition 257 13.3 Characteristics of Multimedia System 257 13.4 Elements of Multimedia 259 13.4.1 Text * 259 13.4.2 Graphics 260 13.4.2.1 Bitmap Graphics 262 13.4.2.2 Vector Graphics 264 13.4.3 Audio 265 13.4.3.1 Audio from a CD to Web 266 13.4.4 Video 268 13.4.4.1 Video on Internet 269 13.4.5 Animation 271 13.5 Multimedia System 272 13.5.1 Desirable Features of Multimedia System 272 13.6 Multimedia Applications 273 13.6.1 In Education 273 13.6.2 In Entertainment 276 13.6.3 In Training 277 13.6.4 In Business 277 13.6.5 Virtual Reality 278 Summary 280 Keywords 280 Questions 281 14. Computer Security 284 14.1 Introduction 284 14.2 Security Threat and Security Attack 285 14.3 Malicious Software 286 14.3.1 Virus 287 14.3.2 Worms 287 Copyrighted material 14.3.3 Trojan Horses 287 14.3.4 Javascripts, Java Applets and ActiveX Controls 288 14.4 Hacking 288 14.4.1 Packet Sniffing 289 14.4.2 Password Cracking 289 14.4.3 E-mail Hacking 289 14.5 Security Services 289 14.6 Security Mechanisms 290 14.7 Cryptography 290 14.7.1 Secret Key Cryptography 291 14.7.2 Public-Key Cryptography 291 14.7.3 Hash Functions 292 14.8 Digital Signature 292 14.9 Firewall 294 14.9.1 Types of Firewall 2 96 14.9.1.1 Packet Filter Firewall 296 14.9.1.2 Circuit Filter Firewall 296 14.9.1.3 Application-Level Gateway 297 14.10 Users Identification and Authentication 297 14.10.1 User Name and Password 298 14.10.2 Smart Card 299 14.10.3 Biometric Techniques 299 14.11 Other Security Measures 300 14.12 Security Awareness 301 14.13 Security Policy 302 14.13.1 Formulating a Security Policy 302 Summary 303 Keywords 304 Questions 304 UNIT IV COMPUTER PRACTICALS 307 15. Windows XP 307 15.1 Introduction 307 15.2 Features of Windows XP 308 15.3 The Desktop 308 L5AJ.-IheJzsk.Bar.________________________________________________________m IJAJJ^.kilcQiis.d.Dd.Sh.QrLcu.ts____________________________________________111 15.4 Structure of Windows 313 Contents | XVIi Copyrighted material -Triii I Contents 15.5 Windows XP Explorer 314 15.5.1 The Start 314 15.5.2 The Window 315 15.5.3 The View 316 15.5.4 Selecting Files 317 15.5.5 Working with Folders 317 15.5.6 Files and Folders Properties 318 15.6 The Search 323 15.7 The Recycle Bin 323 15.8 Configuring the Screen 324 15.9 Configuring the Mouse 326 15.10 Adding or Removing Programs 328 15.11 Adding New Hardware 328 15.12 System Tools 330 15.13 The Scandisk 332 15.14 Windows XP Media Player 334 15.15 Windows XP Help 334 15.16 W in d o w s Vista 334 15.17 Windows 7 337 Questions 340 Word 2007 342 16.1 Introduction 342 16.2 Starting MS-Word 343 16.3 MS-Word Screen and Its Components 344 16.4 The Office Button 347 16.5 The Ribbon 350 16.5.1 The Home Tab 353 16.5.2 The Insert Tab 355 16.5.3 The Page Layout Tab 358 16.5.4 The References Tab 360 16.5.5 The Mailings Tab 360 16.5.6 The Review Tab 363 16.5.7 The View Tab 365 16.5.8 The Help 3 66 16.6 Solved Examples 366 Exercises 375 Copyrighted material