ISBN:0-8247-0641-2 This bookisprintedonacid-freepaper. Headquarters MarcelDekker,Inc. 270 MadisonAvenue,NewYork,NY10016 tel:212-696-9000;fax:212-685-4540 Eastern HemisphereDistribution MarcelDekkerAG Hutgasse4,Postfach 812,CH-4001 Basel,Switzerland tel:41-61-261-8482;fax:41-61-261-8896 WorldWideWeb http://www.dekker.com The publisher offers discounts on this book when ordered in bulk quantities. For more information, write to Special Sales/Professional Marketing at the headquarters address above. Copyright 2002byMarcelDekker,Inc. AllRightsReserved. Neitherthisbooknoranypartmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyany means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Current printing(lastdigit): 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 PRINTEDINTHEUNITEDSTATESOFAMERICA For my mother, Gloria, whose memory I shall never abandon. To my father, Martin, for his guidance and example. To my wife, Laura, for her inspiring love, boundless understanding, continuous support, and endless patience. Note onCD-ROM: The enclosedCD-ROMcontainsdigitalcopies ofthefig- ures that appear in the printed text. The images are in JPG format and can be seenusinganimagevieweronaPCwithaCD-ROMdrive.Almostallof these imagesareincolor.TheJPGfilesaresortedintofolderscorrespondingtochap- ters in the book. The figures in the printed book and on the CD-ROM have the same numbers; for instance, Figure 1.1 on the CD-ROM is the digital version of Figure 1.1 in the text. Chapter25alsocontainsreferencestofourmovies,whicharedigitalfiles inthefolderforChapter25onthisCD-ROM.Thesefiles,whichareinAVIformat, may be viewed on a PC with a CD-ROM drive and a media viewer such as WindowsMediaPlayer6orgreater(MicrosoftCorporation,Redmond,Washing- ton, http://www. microsoft.com/windows/windowsmedia/EN/default.asp). Preface Although numerous books about topics in otorhinolaryngology–head and neck surgery have been published over the years, few, if any at all, directly address clinicalapplicationsofcomputer-basedtechnologies.Of course,sometextsdis- cuss computers, but the number of references is small and the references them- selvesaretypicallyindirectandinconsequential.Inlightoftheenormousimpact ofcomputersonmedicalcare(aswellascommunications,manufacturing,enter- tainment, etc.), this deficiency seems surprising. Computer-Aided Otorhinolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery seeks to fillthegapleftbytheseotherpublications.Thisbookfocusesontheapplications of semiconductor-based technologies within clinical otorhinolaryngology–head and neck surgery. Of course, this text describes present technology; however, this is really a small part of the book. The real focus is on the principles of computer-aidedsurgery.Thisapproachrecognizescurrentchallengesandtechno- logicallimitationsandproposessolutionsandstrategiesbasedonsemiconductor- derivedsystems.Manyofthechaptersalsopresentvisionsofclinicalcareinthe distantandnot-so-distantfuture.Intheseways,Computer-AidedOtorhinolaryn- gology–Head and Neck Surgery provides a framework for discussions that will guide future developments. This book may also serve as a guide for the further integration of this technology into healthcare delivery. Theprimaryaudienceforthebookispracticingotolaryngologistswhohave an interestin computer-aided surgery orare exploring potentialapplications for v vi Preface computer-aidedsurgeryintheirclinicalpractices.Ofcourse,residentphysicians may also find this book very useful. In addition, this book contains information that nurses and other healthcare professionals may need as computer-aided sur- gery technologies become more prevalent in healthcare delivery. Finally, it is hopedthatengineersandotherindividualsfromthecommercialsectorwilllearn about the views of practicing physicians who have contributed to this text. The perspectives portrayed in each of the chapters can provide guidance for future technological development and adaptations. Martin J. Citardi, M.D., F.A.C.S. Contents Preface v Contributors xi 1. New Paradigm 1 Martin J. Citardi 2. Historical Perspective 15 Jack B. Anon, Ludger Klimek, and Ralph Mo¨sges 3. Surgical Navigation Technology: Optical and Electromagnetic Tracking 31 Ralph B. Metson 4. Principles of Registration 49 Martin J. Citardi 5. Intraoperative Magnetic Resonance Imaging 73 Neil Bhattacharyya, Marvin P. Fried, and Liangge Hsu 6. Internet-Enabled Surgery 91 Ronald B. Kuppersmith vii viii Contents 7. Virtual Reality and Surgical Simulation 99 Charles V. Edmond, Jr. 8. Digital Imaging in Otorhinolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery 117 Eiji Yanagisawa, John K. Joe, and Ray Yanagisawa 9. The Neuroradiology Perspective on Computer-Aided Surgery 135 S. James Zinreich 10. Moving Stereotaxis Beyond the Dura: A Neurosurgical Perspective on Computer-Aided Otorhinolaryngology 161 Richard D. Bucholz and Keith A. Laycock 11. Role of Computer-Aided Surgery in Functional Endoscopic Surgery 185 Stephanie A. Joe and David W. Kennedy 12. Image-Guided Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery 201 Martin J. Citardi 13. Computer-Aided Revision Sinus Surgery 223 Michael J. Sillers and Christy R. Buckman 14. Computer-Aided Frontal Sinus Surgery 243 Frederick A. Kuhn and James N. Palmer 15. Computer-Aided Transsphenoidal Hypophysectomy 263 Winston C. Vaughan 16. Computer-Aided Surgery Applications for Sinonasal Tumors and Anterior Cranial Base Surgery 277 Roy R. Casiano and Ricardo L. Carrau 17. Computer-Aided Otologic and Neurotologic Surgery 297 Eric W. Sargent 18. Computer-Aided Tumor Modeling and Visualization 311 Gregory J. Wiet, Don Stredney, and Petra Schmalbrock 19. Head and Neck Virtual Endoscopy 329 William B. Armstrong and Thong H. Nguyen Contents ix 20. Computer-Aided Facial Plastic Surgery 361 Daniel G. Becker, Madeleine A. Spatola, and Samuel S. Becker 21. Software-Enabled Cephalometrics 377 Martin J. Citardi and Mimi S. Kokoska 22. Computer-Aided Craniofacial Surgery 395 Alex A. Kane, Lun-Jou Lo, and Jeffrey L. Marsh 23. Computer-Aided Soft Tissue Surgery 421 Joseph M. Rosen and Marcus K. Simpson 24. Computer-Aided Reduction of Maxillofacial Fractures 443 Mimi S. Kokoska and Martin J. Citardi 25. Future Directions 463 Martin J. Citardi Index 473