COMPUTATIONAL ELECTROMAGNETIC- AERODYNAMICS IEEEPress 445HoesLane Piscataway,NJ08854 IEEEPressEditorialBoard TariqSamad,EditorinChief GeorgeW.Arnold ZiaoouLi RayPerez GiancarloFortino VladimirLumelsky LindaShafer DmitryGoldgof Pui-InMak ZidongWang EkramHossain JeffreyNanzer MengChuZhou KennethMoore,DirectorofIEEEBookandInformationServices(BIS) TechnicalReviewer FrankLu,UniversityofTexasatArlington COMPUTATIONAL ELECTROMAGNETIC- AERODYNAMICS JOSEPHJ.S.SHANG EmeritusResearchProfessorofWrightStateUniversity EmeritusScientistofUSAirForceResearchLaboratory IEEE SeriesonRFandMicrowaveTechnology Copyright©2016byTheInstituteofElectricalandElectronicsEngineers,Inc. PublishedbyJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,Hoboken,NewJersey.Allrightsreserved PublishedsimultaneouslyinCanada Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinanyformor byanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,scanning,orotherwise,exceptas permittedunderSection107or108ofthe1976UnitedStatesCopyrightAct,withouteithertheprior writtenpermissionofthePublisher,orauthorizationthroughpaymentoftheappropriateper-copyfeeto theCopyrightClearanceCenter,Inc.,222RosewoodDrive,Danvers,MA01923,(978)750-8400,fax (978)750-4470,oronthewebatwww.copyright.com.RequeststothePublisherforpermissionshould beaddressedtothePermissionsDepartment,JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,111RiverStreet,Hoboken,NJ 07030,(201)748-6011,fax(201)748-6008,oronlineathttp://www.wiley.com/go/permission. LimitofLiability/DisclaimerofWarranty:Whilethepublisherandauthorhaveusedtheirbesteffortsin preparingthisbook,theymakenorepresentationsorwarrantieswithrespecttotheaccuracyor completenessofthecontentsofthisbookandspecificallydisclaimanyimpliedwarrantiesof merchantabilityorfitnessforaparticularpurpose.Nowarrantymaybecreatedorextendedbysales representativesorwrittensalesmaterials.Theadviceandstrategiescontainedhereinmaynotbesuitable foryoursituation.Youshouldconsultwithaprofessionalwhereappropriate.Neitherthepublishernor theauthorshallbeliableforanylossofprofitoranyothercommercialdamages,includingbutnot limitedtospecial,incidental,consequential,orotherdamages. Forgeneralinformationonourotherproductsandservicesorfortechnicalsupport,pleasecontactour CustomerCareDepartmentwithintheUnitedStatesat(800)762-2974,outsidetheUnitedStatesat (317)572-3993orfax(317)572-4002. Wileyalsopublishesitsbooksinavarietyofelectronicformats.Somecontentthatappearsinprintmay notbeavailableinelectronicformats.FormoreinformationaboutWileyproducts,visitourwebsiteat www.wiley.com. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationDataisavailable. ISBN:978-1-110-15592-8 PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 CONTENTS Preface ix 1 PlasmaFundamentals 1 Introduction, 1 1.1 ElectromagneticField, 3 1.2 DebyeLength, 7 1.3 PlasmaFrequency, 10 1.4 PoissonEquationofPlasmadynamics, 12 1.5 ElectricConductivity, 13 1.6 GeneralizedOhm’sLaw, 16 1.7 Maxwell’sEquations, 19 1.8 WavesinPlasma, 20 1.9 ElectromagneticWavesPropagation, 23 1.10 JouleHeating, 27 1.11 TransportProperties, 29 1.12 AmbipolarDiffusion, 32 References, 34 2 IonizationProcesses 36 Introduction, 36 2.1 MicroscopicDescriptionofGas, 38 2.2 MacroscopicDescriptionofGas, 43 2.3 ChemicalReactionsandEquilibrium, 47 2.4 SahaEquationofIonization, 50 v vi CONTENTS 2.5 IonizationMechanisms, 51 2.6 Photoionization, 54 2.7 ThermalIonization, 56 2.8 ElectronImpactIonization, 61 References, 67 3 MagnetohydrodynamicsFormulation 69 Introduction, 69 3.1 BasicAssumptionsofMHD, 71 3.2 IdealMHDEquations, 74 3.3 EigenvaluesofIdealMHDEquation, 80 3.4 FullMHDEquations, 86 3.5 ShockJumpConditioninPlasma, 91 3.6 SolutionsofMHDEquations, 95 References, 100 4 ComputationalElectromagnetics 102 Introduction, 102 4.1 Time-DependentMaxwellEquations, 105 4.2 Characteristic-BasedFormulation, 108 4.3 GoverningEquationsonCurvilinearCoordinates, 112 4.4 FarFieldBoundaryConditions, 121 4.5 Finite-DifferenceApproximation, 123 4.6 Finite-VolumeApproximation, 131 4.7 High-ResolutionAlgorithms, 137 References, 143 5 ElectromagneticWavePropagationandScattering 146 Introduction, 146 5.1 PlaneElectromagneticWaves, 147 5.2 MotioninWaveguide, 150 5.3 WavePassesthroughPlasmaSheet, 155 5.4 PyramidalHornAntenna, 160 5.5 WaveReflectionandScattering, 168 5.6 RadarSignatureReduction, 177 5.7 AProspectiveofCEMintheTimeDomain, 180 References, 189 6 ComputationalFluidDynamics 192 Introduction, 192 6.1 GoverningEquations, 194 6.2 Viscous–InviscidInteractions, 199 CONTENTS vii 6.3 Self-SustainedOscillations, 209 6.4 VorticalDynamics, 221 6.5 Laminar–TurbulentTransition, 228 References, 232 7 ComputationalElectromagnetic-Aerodynamics 237 Introduction, 237 7.1 MultifluidPlasmaModel, 239 7.2 GoverningEquationsofCEA, 242 7.3 ChemicalKineticsforThermalIonization, 250 7.4 ChemicalKineticsforElectronImpactIonization, 258 7.5 TransportProperties, 262 7.6 NumericalAlgorithms, 268 References, 276 8 ModelingElectronImpactIonization 279 Introduction, 279 8.1 TransportPropertyviaDrift-DiffusionTheory, 282 8.2 Drift-DiffusionTheoryinTransverseMagneticField, 289 8.3 BoundaryConditionsonElectrodes, 292 8.4 QuantumChemicalKinetics, 300 8.5 NumericalAlgorithms, 305 8.6 InnovativeNumericalProcedures, 311 References, 322 9 Joule-HeatingActuators 325 Introduction, 325 9.1 FeaturesofDirectCurrentDischarge, 327 9.2 VirtualLeadingEdgeStrake, 333 9.3 MagneticFieldAmplification, 341 9.4 VirtualVariableGeometryCowl, 349 9.5 TrailingEdgeofAirfoil, 358 9.6 HydrodynamicStabilityandSelf-Oscillation, 362 References, 366 10 Lorentz-ForceActuator 369 Introduction, 369 10.1 RemoteEnergyDeposition, 371 10.2 StagnationPointHeatTransferMitigation, 376 10.3 FeaturesofDielectricBarrierDischarge, 379 10.4 PeriodicElectrostaticForce, 390 10.5 DBDFlowControlActuator, 402 viii CONTENTS 10.6 Laminar–TurbulentTransition, 406 10.7 IonThrustersforSpaceExploration, 408 10.8 PlasmaMicroJet, 413 References, 415 Index 419