SUMMER STREET AREA FORM t f i « i f FORM A AREA Assessor’sSheets USGS Quad AreaLetter FormNumbersin Are - L 1400-1423,2081, Massachusetts Historical Commission 2211-2244 Massachusetts Archives Building 220 Morrissey Boulevard Boston, Massachusetts 02125 Town Fitchburg Place (neighborhoodorvillage) Photograph Summer Street Area (3”x3”or3- V2”x 5”, blackand white only) Labelphotos on black with town andaddressesforall) Name ofArea buildingsshown. Recordfilm rollandnegative numbers here on theform. Staple 1-2photos to leftside ofform Summer Street Area overthis space. Attach additionalphotos to continuation sheets. Present Use roll negative(s) Residential - Multi-Family Residential -Single-Family Construction Dates or Period 1835-1933 Overall Condition Map Sketch Fair- Good Drawa map ofthearea indicatingproperties within it. Circleandnumberpropertiesforwhich individual inventoryforms have been completed. Labelstreets Major Intrusions and Alterations includingroute numbers, ifany. Attach a continuation sheetifspace is notsufficienthere. Indicate north. Deteriorated Properties Demolished Properties (MHC #1404-EigerFrost Belding House) Acreage Recorded by Julie Ann Larry &GeottreyE. Melhuish & LLC TurkTracey Larry Architects, Organization City ofFitchburg Officeofthe Planning Coordinator Date(month/year) June 2000 FollowMassachiisett -’istorical Commission SurveyManualinstructionsfc ompleting thisfo,rm. L HOO-14^^, AREA FORM HISTORICAL & ARCHITECTURAL DEVELOPMENT see continuation sheet The Summer Street Area is defined on the North by Lunenburg Street, to the west by Summer Street, to the east by the rear of Brigham Park, Winter Street, Lawrence Street, and on the south by Goodrich Street. Situated on a western facing bluffon the north sideofthe North Nashua River valley, the mainly upperclass residential neighborhood developed because of its proximity to the early civic and commercial development at the east end ofMain Street. In 1886 the placement ofa streetcar line on Summer Street would facilitate the development of middle class suburban homes on the sites ofthe large estates. In Fitchburg the North Nashua River and its tributaries were the important factors in the development ofthe city. Although the first settlers settled away from the river on early roads like the Fifth Massachusetts Turnpike and Ashburnham Hill Road, the construction ofmills along the river resulted in a linear settlement along the river. The first town center developed on the east end of Main Street, at thejunction of Water, Main, Laurel & Blossom Streets when the first meetinghouse was built in the vicinity ofBlossom & Crescent Streets. In the first half ofthe nineteenth century the majority ofresidential dwellings south east ofthe town center on Summer Street belonged to the Cowdin and Goodrich families. On a map of 1851, only six dwellings are shown in the Summer Street area, JB Cowdin’s, AP Cowdin’s, the widow Cowdin’s, William Leothe’s, AP Goodrich’s, and WJ Cliffords’, all on Summer Street. From 1830-1870 Fitchburg’s manufacturing companies continued to expand as technology developed faster means ofproduction. In I860 there were 136 industries in Fitchburg.' Increased production required an increase in supply ofraw materials to the mills and demanded a faster means todistribute products the mills produced. In 1844 a railroad line from Boston reached Fitchburg. The rail line was extended to the west in 1874 upon completion of the Hoosac Tunnel. The access through to Albany provided access to the West for the port of Boston and a way for raw materials from the west to reach the manufacturingcenters on theEastCoast. The railroad brought rapid growth, prosperity and industrial expansion to Fitchburg. The location ofthe railroad depot in the older part of the city at the corner of Water & Main Street resulted in increased commercial and industrial development nearby. Fitchburg’s leading industrialists prospered as their business quickly expanded. New estates to display their wealth and social stature were built on land southeast ofthe town center on Summer Street. The sites were popular for residential development because ofthe proximity to the mills, their southern exposure, and the views up and down the river valley. Increasingly large estates and farms dotted the hillsides in the Summer Street area. The C H Whittemore’s house at 115 Summer (MHC # 1405) ca 1855 and the Svlvanus Sawyer Double Houses at 21-33 Summer Street (MHC # 1400-1401) ca 1865-70 are examples of large Greek Revival or Italianate estates and farmhouses built ca 1850-1870 on large lots on the bluffoverlooking the Nashua River. Like most houses ofthis area in Fitchburg, these large houses would be converted to multifamily use as the need for housing continued to grow in the last decades ofthe nineteenth century. In 1872 when Fitchburg was incorporated as a city there were 11,260 residents in Fitchburg, more than double the 1850 population of 5160. An increase in commercial and industrial development precipitated the population growth and an increased need of housing for workers and middle class businessmen with aclose proximity to their workplace. Maps ofthe City in 1870-1871 depict the increased BIBLIOGRAPHY and/or REEERENCES CH see continuation sheet Kirkpatrick, Doris. The CityandtheRiver. Fitchburg, Massachusetts: Fitchburg Historical Society, 1971. ReconnaissanceSurvey ReportforFitchburg. Massachusetts Historical Commission. 1984 ^ Recommended for listing in the National Register ofHistoric Places. Ifchecked, you must attach a completedNational Register Criteria Statementform ' Doris Kirkpatrick, The Cityandthe River( Fitchburg, Massachusetts: Fitchburg Historical Society, 1971) p.389. \ •. 4 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2017 with funding from Boston Public Library https://archive.org/details/comprehensivecom1400turk f ( 4 iHOO-lHXh, XO^l INVENTORY FORM CONTINUATION SHEET Fitchburg Summer Street Area Massachusetts Historical Commission Massachusetts Archives Building 220 Morrissey Boulevard Boston, Massachusetts 02125 residential developmentofthe Summer Street neighborhood. Predominately single family homes were built along Holt, and Oak Streets, and the portion ofSummer Street near the intersection ofGoodrich Street. (R. B. Baldwin Estateca 1860 11 Oak Street!. By 1900 the population in Fitchburg had reached 31,258, nearly a third ofthat population, were foreign born.^European immigrants representing 15 countries filledjobs in the expanding industries. The increase in population resulted in a further increase in need for housing, especially for working class housing. Between 1870-1915 residential development pushed up the steep hillsides ofthe river valley. Lots that had been laid out along the Beacon and Lawrence Streets in 1871 were developed with single and multifamilyresidences by 1895. Atlantic Street had been laid out at the rearofthe Summer Street estates. Single family dwellings were builton the eastofAtlantic and on BluffStreet, which was also laid out by 1882. Large Queen Anne Style homes were built on Summer Street on lots divided from the largerearly nineteenth centuryestates: The SW Huntley House at5 BluffStreet (MHC # 1420) ca 1877; the JAJones house at 21 Atlantic (MHC# 1414) ca 1890: and theJoseph GEdgerlv House at 37 Atlantic (MHC # 1418) ca 1890. Most ofthe buildings on Atlantic, Bluff, and Summer Streets built between 1870-1915 were architectdesigned. The architect for many ofthese homes for wealthyEitchburg industrialists was Henry Martyn (HM) Francis. Born in Lunenburg, Massachusetts in 1836, Francis was educated atLawrence Academy. He learned the architectural trade as an apprentice in the firms ofAlexanderR Estey in Framingham, Massachusetts, Geroge Meacham in Boston, and George Harding in Portland, Maine. Francis began practicing in Fitchburg in 1868. He was responsible for the design ofthe Charles T Harding House at 26 Atlantic Avenue (MHC #1416) ca 1887. E Corcoran House and Garage at 34 Summer Avenue (MHC #1417-2081) 1904-6. the JO Wright House at 41 Atlantic Avenue (MHC #de1s4i1g9n)edcama18n9y7o.fanFdittchhebuErigg’esrcFhruorsctheBse,ldsicnhgoohlosuasnedatco5mBmleurfcfiAavlebnuuiledi(nMgsH.CH#M14F2r0a)n.cicsa&18S8o8n.sBdeessiidgensedrestihdeenMtoiralanprBojleocctksahtetahleso corner ofLunenberg and Summer Streets. The buildings were typically done in the Queen Anne Style, although other Victorian styles such as the Stick Style and SecondEmpire were used in the neighborhood. The Queen Anne Style was popularized throughout the country by the expanding railroad. The mass production ofmachined details and the increased affordability ofthese decorative building elements facilitated the popularityofthe style. The use ofsmall dimension lumber and advent ofballoon framing made construction cheaper and more rapid. Fitchburg’s steam driven sawmills, like the WA Garno Saw & Planing Mill at Lunenburg & East Streets locally produced wood building products. Other local materials like slate and granite were quarried from the surrounding hills to be utilized in newdwellings. Mostofthe granite used in Fitchburgcame from Rollstone Hill. Other factories produced machined nails and household furnishings. The availabilityof inexpensive skilled immigrant labor also contributed to the building explosion. Russians and Finns quarried granite fromRollstone Hill for use in foundations and Italian immigrants wereemployed in the building trades. Theeconomic prosperity in Fitchburg ca 1900 led to the increase in wealth ofworkers and middle management. Ca 1915-1935 the remaining undeveloped lots became the sites ofsmaller, more modest single family homes in the Colonial and Classical Revival Styles. The southern end ofAtlantic Avenue had until the turn ofthe century remained fairly undeveloped. Several ofthe families who resided in the new homes on Atlantic Avenue were managers ofbusinesses on nearby Main & Prescott Streets. After 1935, newresidential development was minimal in the SummerStreet area. Industrial growth slowed and Fitchburg’s downtown began to decline as economic growth shifted to the western United States and middle class residents moved to the suburbs. Fitchburg s population growth slowed dramatically between 1915-1940, increasing byonly 2,000 overall.^ The adventofthecar and the increased affordabilityofcarownership aided the movement to the suburbs. Residents in the Summer Street area no longer needed to live within walking distance oftheirjobs or the streetcar line, families moved to newer suburban homes like the bungalows to theeastof Lawrence Streeton Boutelle and Harrison Streets. ^Doris Kirkpatrick, The Cityandthe River.( Fitchburg, Massachusetts: Fitchburg Historical Society, 1971) p.389. ^ Reconnaissance Survey ReportforFitchburg, ([Boston]: Massachusetts Historical Commission, 1984) .-•' MTUnHI’SP^ I r •*• ‘.'I i/i* Ml. , • I f- r 11 t-LU . \ -i) I L NOO-N -Xh XO^ ^ I, XXII -;uv^ INVENTORY FORM CONTINUATION SHEET Fitchburg Summer Street Area Massachusetts Historical Commission Area(s) Formno. Massachusetts Archives Building 220 Morrissey Boulevard Ik Boston, Massachusetts 02125 The second halfofthe twentieth century has seen manychanges to the Summer Street Area. As long term residents lefttheirsingle family and owneroccupied multifamily homes in the downtown neighborhoods, many ofthe dwellings were sold to absentee landlords who furtherdivided the dwellings. Neglectofmany multiunit properties from lack ofinvestments and regular maintenance has led to deterioration and loss ofmaterials and details in many properties. Demolition ofsome ofthese deteriorated properties has occurred within the last several years on Summer Street and Beacon Street near the intersection ofSummer Street. Where changes in land use from residential to institutional has occurred on Holt Street around the Hastings Hall demolition ofdwellings has also occurred. Near the St. Bernard’s School on Goodrich Streetdwellings have been severely altered from theiroriginal appearance. Although some buildings have deteriorated, thequantity and qualityofthe remaining buildings is remarkably good. Manysingle family dwellings retained theiroriginal slate roofs, windows, machined wood detailing, and exterior siding. Some homes along Atlantic Street have been restored. Many single family homes are well maintained. The neighborhood retains the mix ofupperclass mansions, multifamily residences and modest middle class homes.