Complex Inequality Perspectives on Gender Series Editor: Myra Marx Ferree, University of Wisconsin, Madison Pleasure, Power, and Technology: Some Tales of Gender, Engineering, and the Cooperative Workplace Sally Hacker Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment Patricia Hill Collins Understanding Sexual Violence: A Study of Convicted Rapists Diana Scully Maid in the U.S.A. Mary Romero Feminisms and the Women’s Movements: Dynamics of Change in Social Movement Ideology and Activism Barbara Ryan Black Women and White Women in the Professions: Analysis of Job Segregation by Race and Gender 1960–1980 Natalie J. Sokoloff Gender Consciousness and Politics Sue Tolleson Rinehart Mothering: Ideology, Experience, and Agency Evelyn Nakano Glenn, Grace Chang, and Linda Rennie Forcey (editors) For Richer, For Poorer: Mothers Confront Divorce Demie Kurz Rock-a-bye Verta Taylor School-Smart and Mother-Wise: Working-Class Women’s Identity and Schooling Wendy Luttrell Community Activism and Feminist Politics: Organizing across Race, Class, and Gender Nancy A. Naples (editor) Grassroots Warriors: Activist Mothering, Community Work, and the War on Poverty Nancy A. Naples Complex Inequality Gender, Class, and Race in the New Economy Leslie McCall routledge new york • london Published in 2001 by Routledge 29 West 35th Street New York, NY 10001 Published in Great Britain by Routledge 11 New Fetter Lane London EC4P 4EE Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group. This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2002. Copyright © 2001 by Routledge Chapter 2 is based in part on Leslie McCall. 1999. “Regional Restructuring and Wage Inequality by Gender, Class, and Race.” pp. 5–88 in Women’s Progress: Perspectives on the Past, Blueprint for the Future (Fifth Women’s Policy Research Conference Proceedings). Washington, D.C.: Institute for Women’s Policy Research. Used with permission. Chapter 5 is based in part on Leslie McCall. 1998. “Spatial Routes to Gender Wage (In)equal- ity: Regional Restructuring and Wage Differentials by Gender and Education.” Economic Geography74(4): 379–404. Used with permission. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including any photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publishing Data McCall, Leslie, 1964– Complex Inequality: gender, class, and race in the new economy / Leslie McCall. p. cm. — (perspectives on gender) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0–415–92903–2 (Print Edition)— ISBN 0–415–92904–0 (pbk.) 1. Wages—Woman—United States—Case studies. 2. Sex discrimination in employment— United States—Case studies. 3. Race discrimination—United States—Case studies. 4. Social classes—United States—Case studies. 5. Equal pay for equal work—United States—Case studies. 6.Pay equity—United States—Case studies. I. Title. II. Perspectives on gender (New York, N.Y.) HD6061.2.U6 M363 2001 331.13'3'0972—dc21 00–047064 ISBN 0-203-90245-9 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0-203-90249-1 (Glassbook Format) Contents List of Tables vii List of Figures ix Preface xi Introduction 1. Restructuring Inequalities: A Gender, Class, and..................3 Race Perspective Part I 2. Configurations of Inequality: Intersections of Gender,..........31 Class, and Race 3. Industrial and Postindustrial Configurations of Inequality:.......63 Detroit and Dallas Part II 4. Breaking the Connection: Occupational.........................91 Gender Segregation and the Gender Wage Gap 5. The Difference Class Makes: The Gender Wage Gap............119 among the College- and Non-College-Educated v 6. The Difference Gender Makes: Wage Inequality among..........145 Women and among Men Conclusion 7. The History and Politics of Inequality Reconsidered............175 Technical Appendix 193 Notes203 References213 Index229 vi Contents List of Tables table 2.1 Correlations among Gender, Class, and Racial Wage Inequality across Labor Markets, 1989 table 2.2 Configurations of Inequality table 2.3 Wage Inequality by Gender, Class, and Race in Four Cities Relative to the National Average for Metropolitan Areas, 1989 table 2.4 Gender, Race, and Class Inequality in U.S. Metropolitan Areas, New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, and Santa Clara County, 1989 table 3.1 Economic and Demographic Characteristics of Dallas and Detroit table 3.2 Average Hourly Wages by Occupation, Education, and Gender in Dallas and Detroit, 1979 and 1989 (1995 Dollars) table 3.3 Population and Employment Distribution of the College- Educated in Dallas and Detroit table 4.1 The Relationship between Occupational Gender Segregation and the Gender Wage Gap table 4.2 Correlation between Occupational Gender Segregation and the Gender Wage Gap across Labor Markets, 1989 vii table 4.3 Correlations between Occupational Gender Segregation, the Gender Wage Gap, and Labor-Market Structure, 1989 table 5.1 Female/Male Median Hourly Wage Ratios by Education, 1979 and 1989 table 5.2 Correlations between Female/Male Hourly Wage Ratios by Education, 1989 table 5.3 Relative Estimated Wage Levels across Labor Markets by Gender and Education, 1989 table 6.1 Correlations between Male and Female Noncollege/ College Wage Gaps, 1989 table 7.1 Typology of Anti-Inequality Reform Eras in the Twentieth- Century United States Appendix table A.1 Measures of Local Labor-Market Structure table A.2 Descriptive Statistics for Labor-Market Variables table A.3 Descriptive Statistics for Individual-Level Variables viii List of Tables List of Figures figure 2.1 The Relationship between Gender Inequality and Inequality within Gender Groups figure 2.2 Class Inequality in Miami and St. Louis, 1979 and 1989 figure 2.3 Gender Inequality in Miami and St. Louis, 1979 and 1989 figure 2.4 Racial Inequality in Miami and St. Louis, 1979 and 1989 figure 3.1 Class Inequality in Dallas and Detroit, 1979 and 1989 figure 3.2 Gender Inequality in Dallas and Detroit, 1979 and 1989 figure 3.3 Racial Inequality in Dallas and Detroit, 1979 and 1989 figure 4.1 Spatial Variation in Raw Occupational Gender Segregation Indices and Female/Male Hourly Wage Ratios, 1989 figure 4.2 Effects of Labor-Market Structure on the Adjusted Average Occupational Gender Segregation Index, 1989 figure 4.3 Effects of Labor-Market Structure on the Adjusted Average Female/Male Hourly Wage Ratio, 1989 figure 5.1 Median Hourly Wages by Education and Gender, 1979–1989 (1995 Dollars) ix