Prof. Livings Complete Study Guide Soc 33 Chapter 1 1) The difference between sex and gender is that 2) The structural functionalist perspective is problematic because it neglects 3) A sex/gender system in which men dominate women and that which is masculine is more highly valued than that which is considered feminine is called a 4) A paradigm is 5) A structural functionalist maintains that 6) The ability to impose one's will on others is defined in your text as 7) A paradigm revolution occurs when 8) The feminist perspective maintains that 9) In her review of sociological literature, Lyn Lofland found that 10) Feminist researchers 11) Feminist researchers reject 12) From the feminist perspective, the consequences of sexism 13) The time period typically identified as the first wave of feminism began in the U.S. 14) A feminist consciousness is Chapter 2 1) Which of the following statements is NOT correct? 2) All embryos are sexually bipotential (anatomically identical) until 3) The hormone testosterone is important in the development of the male fetus because it 4) Meiosis refers to 5) Turner's syndrome (XO) is caused by 6) Individuals with Turner's syndrome 7) Men with Klinefelter's syndrome are at an increased risk of developing emotional and interpersonal problems most likely because 8) The overrepresentation of XYY men among the institutionalized and incarcerated can best be explained by 9) Andrenogenital Syndrome (AGS) occurs in approximately 1 in __________ births. 10) Which of the following suffer from Andrenogenital Syndrome (AGS)? 11) Studies of AGS girls indicate that 12) Individuals who have the condition "androgen-insensitive syndrome" are 13) Androgen-insensitive individuals 14) Individuals with 5-alpha-reductase deficiency 15) The specialization of the right and left hemispheres of the brain for different tasks is 16) Studies of genital ambiguity 17) Given the research on genital ambiguity, the authors of your text conclude 18) Research on the human brain has revealed that 19) Your text discusses a case studied by Money involving a set of identical twins who were genetically and physically normal males at birth. However, one of the twins had his penis accidentally cut off during surgery. The doctors recommended sex reassignment. At seventeen months old, the boy was surgically reconstructed as a girl and lifelong hormone replacement was begun. Research on this case revealed the twin who had undergone the sex reassignment 20) A difficulty in looking for sex differences in the brain is that 21) Research on men's and women's brains indicates that 22) Today, those interested in studying sex differences in the brain focus primarily on 23) Researchers have had difficulty ascertaining the relationship between testosterone and human aggression because 24) Which of the following is NOT true regarding human aggression? 25) Androgen comes from the Greek word for "man," while estrogen comes from the Greek word for "__________." 26) Some argue that much of the research on PMS is plagued by serious methodological difficulties, which include 27) Research on the social psychological causes of PMS indicates that 28) Scientific studies of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) 29) Lynda Birke (as well as the authors of your text) supports the view that Chapter 3 1) With regard to the archaeological record, which of the following is NOT true about the problems that archaeologists confront in reconstructing history? 2) According to the traditional reconstruction of prehistory, which of the following was a result of bipedalism? 3) Man the Hunter theory is criticized for its 4) The authors of your textbook criticize traditional "Man the Hunter" theory for being androcentric. By this they mean that it 5) The traditional reconstruction of prehistory maintains that the division of labor by sex developed as a result of 6) According to the feminist reconstruction of prehistory, the first human technology was probably 7) The difficulty in linking archeological data with a specific sex is that gender attribution 8) Both the traditional (Man the Hunter) theory and the feminist theory of prehistory agree that 9) A problem with primatology is that 10) Regarding the sociological research on chimpanzees, which of the following is FALSE? 11) Studies of chimpanzees show that 12) With regard to the sexual division of labor, it appears that 13) Anthropologist Margaret Mead researched societies in New Guinea and found 14) There are very few societies in which women participate in 15) Among foraging societies, which type is the least egalitarian? 16) Research on the Ju/hoansi bush-living people indicates that 17) Among the Aka, 18) Cross-cultural research on foraging societies indicates that 19) Cross-cultural research on multiple genders 20) A Mohave female who wished to pursue a masculine lifestyle became a 21) Studies of the Hua of Papua New Guinea show that 22) In developing their perspective of the evolution of gender, feminists have examined Chapter 4 1) Which of the following is NOT true about the process of socialization? 2) Research indicates that children show preference for gender stereo-typed toys by the age of 3) Identification theory originated with the work of 4) According to Freud's identification theory, children begin to model their same-sex parent during which stage of development? 5) According to Freud, which of the following is a consequence of "penis envy"? 6) In Nancy Chodorow's revision of identification theory, it is hypothesized that gender identification is more difficult for boys because 7) According to social learning theory, reinforcement leads to gender acquisition because 8) The theory that children acquire gender through the process of reinforcement and by modeling their same-sex parent is referred to as 9) According to social learning theory, children acquire gender through 10) Which of the following is a criticism of the social learning theory? 11) The basic principle of cognitive developmental theory is 12) Cognitive-developmental theory helps to explain children's 13) Creation of gender schema is an important element of which theory? 14) Sex is a useful schema for young children because 15) According to psychologist Sandra Bem, children use sex as a fundamental organizing category because 16) The belief that males and females are not only fundamentally different, but also that sex is a central organizing principle for the social life of a society is called 17) Studies of parental treatment of infants show that 18) Metamessages 19) Studies of parents' reactions to the sex of their newborn children indicate that 20) Research indicates that sex differences in young children's communication styles are likely due to 21) In examining the contents of children's rooms, sociologists have found that 22) Most children's toys on the market today 23) Which of the following best describes the qualities encouraged by toys typically intended for boys? 24) Comparisons of children's books written and illustrated by African Americans and White Americans reveal 25) The success of publishers' efforts to produce nonsexist children's books may be limited because 26) Research on early peer group socialization indicates that 27) All of the following are true regarding early peer group socialization EXCEPT 28) Which of the following regarding the socialization of boys is NOT true? 29) The gender gap for the infant mortality rate for girls and boys is the highest in 30) The gender gap for the child mortality rate for girls and boys is the highest in Chapter 5 1) With regard to the education of women, which of the following is FALSE? 2) The first free public schools opened for boys and girls in 3) Which of the following was NOT a consequence of the establishment of free public schools in the 19th century? 4) Which of the following is FALSE with regard to the early collegiate education of women? 5) The first coeducational college was 6) During the late 1940s and into the 1950s, 7) Title IX of the Education Amendments Act of 1972 8) Recent research in elementary school classrooms indicates that 9) Which of the following is a typical example of feedback given to girls in elementary school? 10) __________ of the illiterate people throughout the world are women. 11) Research indicates that all of the following school activities tend to reinforce sex separation EXCEPT 12) Which of the following is NOT a consequence of sex separation in the classroom? 13) Research on cooperative learning indicates that this approach 14) According to studies of boys and girls in secondary schools 15) A general rule of the status hierarchy of educators appears to be 16) Gay and lesbian high school students 17) Research reveals that the dramatic drop in girls' self-confidence at the secondary school level is due to the fact that 18) One element of the invisible or glass ceiling is 19) The least likely to attend college are 20) In graduate education 21) Women constitute slightly more than __________ percent of all doctorate recipients. 22) Sex segregation in particular fields of study appears to continue to persist because 23) Micro-inequities 24) Studies of full-time college and university faculty, show that 25) Research on differences in teaching styles and attitudes of female & male university & college faculty shows that 26) Female students 27) Which of the following statements about sexual harassment is FALSE? 28) An example of contrapower sexual harassment is when 29) Research indicates that all of the following are benefits of single-sex schools EXCEPT 30) The major criticism of women's studies courses is 31) Gay and lesbian studies Chapter 6 1) When a word that has a neutral connotation becomes debased over time or takes on a negative or derogatory connotation over time, the process known as __________ has occurred. 2) "Linguistic sexism" 3) Which is an example of linguistic sexism? 4) Emphasis on the use of non-sexist language 5) Research on sex differences in communication styles indicates that 6) Men's nonverbal communication style is best characterized as 7) Studies of same-sex conversations show that 8) According to the reflection hypothesis 9) The media practice of ignoring, trivializing, or condemning women is known as 10) Research of daily newspapers indicates that 11) At major daily circulation newspapers 12) Research on popular women's magazines shows 13) Based on your authors' study of men's magazines, a general rule for the cult of masculinity appears to be 14) Television is an especially effective agent of socialization because 15) Research on prime-time television indicates that 16) On prime-time television 17) Regarding women on TV, which of the following is true? 18) With respect to the portrayal of the sexes on television today, 19) One of the most significant changes on prime-time television since the 1970s has been 20) Studies show that the greatest move toward equality of the sexes on television has taken place on 21) In television news programming 22) The most common role for women depicted in advertisements is 23) Viewers are more likely to see an extraterrestrial on prime-time televisions than 24) With regard to voice-overs in advertisements 25) Research shows that advertisements that emphasize sex or that use women's sexuality to sell a product 26) Research on the impact of sexist media portrayals on people's actual behavior indicates that 27) A study of television commercials by Geis and her colleagues indicates that 28) Thomson and colleagues (2001) found that 29) Current empirical evidence indicates that the relationship between viewing violent programs and engaging in actual violent behavior is 30) It has been argued by some that watching violence reduces the likelihood that viewers will actually behave violently themselves, since the viewing allows them to release the tensions that may lead to real-life violence. This theory emphasizes the __________ effect of violent viewing. Chapter 7 1) According to Parsons, the role in which a family member is the economic provider and major decision maker is the 2) Which of the following is a problem of Parsons' functionalist perspective of the family? 3) The idea that the work world is separate from the family is referred to as 4) Critics of the public/private split argue that 5) Research indicates that in the U.S. by 1998, __________% of families were two-earner families. 6) Stacey's research with working-class families revealed that these households often expand and contract in size as the needs of kin, including "ex-familia," change over time. She calls these households 7) Research on the sexual activity of teenagers indicates that 8) The sexual double standard 9) In 1998, the average age of first intercourse for girls and boys was 10) The rate of teen pregnancy in the United States 11) In Griswold v. Connecticut, the Supreme Court 12) In Roe v. Wade, the Supreme Court ruled that 13) Roe v. Wade was passed in 14) With respect to new reproductive technologies 15) Women who are unable to conceive a child or to maintain a pregnancy may also have difficulty utilizing other available options for obtaining a child because 16) The first major breakthrough in New Reproductive technologies was 17) In most states, the right to decide domicile legally belongs to 18) Historically, a husband's marital obligations are 19) Traditionally, sociologists have measured the distribution of power in families by examining 20) All of the following are criticisms of the use of decision making as a measure of marital power EXCEPT 21) Which of the following is a reason that housework commonly is not considered "real work"? 22) Women who work outside the home 23) Which of the following is true with regard to the average husband's time spent on housework? 24) Which of the following has been offered as an advantage for women being the primary caregivers in the family? 25) Research indicates that most men still escape the burdens of family care in favor of 26) Recent research shows that unmarried mothers represent __________% of families. 27) With regard to marriage in the United States, which of the following is true? 28) In comparison with single-mothers, single-fathers 29) The number of abortions performed in the U.S. has decreased because 30) In deciding custody, most courts today 31) The tender years presumption 32) The biggest problem facing most single mothers is 33) No-fault divorce 34) The poverty of many minority female-headed families is best characterized as 35) Singlehood today is 36) Studies of divorce indicate that one of the best predictors of the relative well-being of divorced women and men is 37) Analyses of gender differences in the divorce experience show that