111TH CONGRESS COMMITTEE " COMMITTEE PRINT ! 2nd Session PRINT 111–A COMPILATION OF HOMELAND SECURITY RELATED EXECUTIVE ORDERS (E.O. 4601 Through E.O. 13528) (1927-2009) PREPARED FOR THE USE OF THE COMMITTEE ON HOMELAND SECURITY OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES June 2010 U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 56–961 PDF WASHINGTON : 2010 Compilation of Homeland Security Related Executive Orders (E.O. 4601 Through E.O. 13528) 111TH CONGRESS COMMITTEE " COMMITTEE PRINT ! 2nd Session PRINT 111–A COMPILATION OF HOMELAND SECURITY RELATED EXECUTIVE ORDERS (E.O. 4601 Through E.O. 13528) (1927-2009) PREPARED FOR THE USE OF THE COMMITTEE ON HOMELAND SECURITY OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES June 2010 U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 56–961 PDF WASHINGTON : 2010 COMMITTEE ON HOMELAND SECURITY BENNIE G. THOMPSON, Mississippi, Chairman LORETTA SANCHEZ, California PETER T. KING, New York JANE HARMAN, California LAMAR SMITH, Texas PETER A. DEFAZIO, Oregon DANIEL E. LUNGREN, California ELEANOR HOLMES NORTON, District of MIKE ROGERS, Alabama Columbia MICHAEL T. MCCAUL, Texas ZOE LOFGREN, California CHARLES W. DENT, Pennsylvania SHEILA JACKSON LEE, Texas GUS M. BILIRAKIS, Florida HENRY CUELLAR, Texas PAUL C. BROUN, Georgia CHRISTOPHER P. CARNEY, Pennsylvania CANDICE S. MILLER, Michigan YVETTE D. CLARKE, New York PETE OLSON, Texas LAURA RICHARDSON, California ANH ‘‘JOSEPH’’ CAO, Louisiana ANN KIRKPATRICK, Arizona STEVE AUSTRIA, Ohio BILL PASCRELL, JR., New Jersey VACANCY EMANUEL CLEAVER, Missouri AL GREEN, Texas JAMES A. HIMES, Connecticut MARY JO KILROY, Ohio DINA TITUS, Nevada WILLIAM L. OWENS, New York VACANCY VACANCY I. Lanier Avant, Staff Director & General Counsel Rosaline Cohen, Chief Counsel Michael S. Twinchek, Chief Clerk Robert O’Connor, Minority Staff Director ——————— Prepared by Michael S. Twinchek, Chief Clerk (II) C O N T E N T S HOMELAND SECURITY RELATED EXECUTIVE ORDERS Calvin Coolidge 4601 March 1, 1927 {Amended} ................................................................. 7 John F. Kennedy 10113 Delegating the Authority of the President To Prescribe Cloth- ing Allowances, and Cash Allowances in Lieu Thereof, for En- listed Men in the Armed Forces {Amended} .................................. 13 10163 The Armed Forces Reserve Medal {Amended} .............................. 15 10179 Establishing the Korean Service Medal {Amended} ..................... 17 10271 Delegating Authority of the President To Order Members and Units of Reserve Components of Armed Forces Into Active Fed- eral Duty {Amended} ....................................................................... 19 10448 Establishing the National Defense Service Medal {Amended} .... 21 10499 Delegating Functions Conferred Upon the President by Section 8 of the Uniformed Services Contingency Option Act of 1953 {Amended} ........................................................................................ 23 10554 Delegating the Authority of the President To Prescribe Regula- tions Authorizing Occasions Upon Which the Uniform May Be Worn by Persons Who Have Served Honorably in the Armed Forces in Time of War {Amended} ................................................. 25 10631 Code of Conduct for Members of the Armed Forces of the United States {Amended} ................................................................ 27 10637 Delegating to the Secretary of Homeland Security Certain Functions of the President Relating to the United States Coast Guard {Amended} ............................................................................ 29 10694 Authorizing the Secretaries of the Army, Navy, and Air Force To Issue Citations in the Name of the President of the United States to Military and Naval Units for Outstanding Perform- ance in Action {Amended} ............................................................... 35 10789 Authorizing Agencies of the Government To Exercise Certain Contracting Authority in Connection With National-Defense Functions and Prescribing Regulations Governing the Exercise of Such Authority {Amended} ......................................................... 37 10865 Safeguarding Classified Information Within Industry {Amend- ed} ..................................................................................................... 43 10977 Establishing the Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal {Amend- ed} ..................................................................................................... 47 11016 Authorizing Award of the Purple Heart {Amended} ..................... 49 11046 Authorizing Award of the Bronze Star Medal {Amended} ........... 51 11079 Authorizing Award of the Bronze Star Medal {Amended} ........... 53 Lyndon B. Johnson 11139 Authorizing Acceptance of the United Nations Medal and Serv- ice Ribbon {Amended} ...................................................................... 57 11190 Providing for the Screening of the Ready Reserve of the Armed Forces {Amended} ............................................................................ 59 11231 Establishing the Vietnam Service Medal {Amended} ................... 61 11239 Enforcement of the Convention for Safety of Life at Sea, 1960 {Amended} ........................................................................................ 63 11366 Assigning Authority to Order Certain Persons in the Ready Reserve to Active Duty {Amended} ................................................ 65 11423 Providing for the Performance of Certain Functions Heretofore Performed by the President with Respect to Certain Facilities Constructed and Maintained on the Borders of the United States {Amended} ............................................................................ 67 IV Page Lyndon B. Johnson—Continued 11438 Prescribing Procedures Governing Interdepartmental Cash Awards to the Members of the Armed Forces {Amended} ........... 71 11446 Authorizing the Acceptance of Service Medals and Ribbons from Multilateral Organizations Other Than the United Na- tions {Amended} ............................................................................... 73 11448 Establishing the Meritorious Service Medal {Amended} .............. 75 Richard M. Nixon 11623 Delegating to the Director of Selective Service Authority to Issue Rules and Regulations Under the Military Selective Serv- ice Act {Amended} ............................................................................ 79 11645 Authority of the Secretary of Homeland Security to Prescribe Certain Regulations Relating to Coast Guard Housing {Amend- ed} ..................................................................................................... 81 Gerald R. Ford 11858 Foreign Investment in the United States {Amended} .................. 85 11926 The Vice Presidential Service Badge {Amended} .......................... 91 11965 Establishing the Humanitarian Service Medal {Amended} ......... 93 Jimmy Carter 12002 Administration of the Export Administration Act of 1969 {Amended} ........................................................................................ 97 12127 Federal Emergency Management Agency ..................................... 99 12139 Exercise of Certain Authority Respecting Electronic Surveil- lance ................................................................................................. 101 12146 Management of Federal Legal Resources {Amended} ................... 105 12147 Federal Emergency Management Agency ..................................... 109 12148 Federal Emergency Management {Amended} ............................... 111 12160 Providing For Enhancement and Coordination of Federal Con- sumer Programs {Amended} ........................................................... 121 12188 International Trade Functions {Amended} .................................... 127 12208 Consultations on the Admission of Refugees {Amended} ............. 133 12260 Agreement on Government Procurement {Amended} ................... 1135 Ronald Reagan 12333 United States Intelligence Activities {Amended} .......................... 141 12341 Cuban and Haitian Entrants {Amended} ...................................... 167 12382 President’s National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee {Amended} ..................................................................... 169 12472 Assignment of National Security and Emergency Preparedness Telecommunications Functions {Amended} ................................... 171 12501 Arctic Research {Amended} ............................................................. 181 12555 Protection of Cultural Property {Amended} ................................... 85 12580 Superfund Implementation {Amended} ......................................... 189 12590 National Drug Policy Board {Amended} ........................................ 201 12656 Assignment of Emergency Preparedness Responsibilities {Amended} ........................................................................................ 205 12657 Department of Homeland Security Assistance in Emergency Preparedness Planning at Commercial Nuclear Power Plants {Amended} ........................................................................................ 233 George H.W. Bush 12673 Delegation of Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Func- tions .................................................................................................. 239 12699 Seismic Safety of Federal and Federally Assisted or Regulated New Building Construction {Amended} ......................................... 241 12727 Ordering the Selected Reserve of the Armed Forces to Active Duty {Amended} ............................................................................... 245 12728 Delegating the President’s Authority to Suspend any Provision of Law Relating to the Promotion, Retirement, or Separation of Members of the Armed Forces {Amended} ................................ 247 12733 Authorizing the Extension of the Period of Active Duty of Per- sonnel of the Selected Reserve of the Armed Forces {Amended} . 249 12742 National Security Industrial Responsiveness {Amended} ............ 251 12788 Defense Economic Adjustment Program {Amended} .................... 255 12789 Delegation of Reporting Functions Under the Immigration Re- form and Control Act of 1986 {Amended} ...................................... 259 12793 Defense Economic Adjustment Program {Amended} .................... 261 V Page George H.W. Bush—Continued 12807 Interdiction of Illegal Aliens {Amended} ........................................ 263 12824 Establishing the Homeland Security Distinguished Service Medal {Amended} ............................................................................. 267 12830 Establishing the Military Outstanding Volunteer Service Medal {Amended} ........................................................................................ 269 William J. Clinton 12835 Establishment of the National Economic Council {Amended} ..... 273 12859 Establishment of the Domestic Policy Council {Amended} .......... 275 12870 Trade Promotion Coordinating Committee {Amended} ................ 277 12881 Establishment of the National Science and Technology Council {Amended} ........................................................................................ 281 12898 Economy and Efficiency in Government Procurement Through Compliance with Certain Immigration and Nationality Act Pro- visions and Use of an Electronic Employment Eligibility Verification System {Amended} ...................................................... 283 12906 Coordinating Geographic Data Acquisition and Access: The Na- tional Spatial Data Infrastructure {Amended} .............................. 289 12919 National Defense Industrial Resources Preparedness {Amend- ed} ..................................................................................................... 293 12941 Seismic Safety of Existing Federally Owned or Leased Build- ing ..................................................................................................... 307 12949 Foreign Intelligence Physical Searches {Amended} ...................... 309 12977 Interagency Security Committee {Amended} ................................ 311 12978 Blocking Assets and Prohibiting Transactions With Significant Narcotics Traffickers {Amended} .................................................... 315 12982 Ordering the Selected Reserve of the Armed Forces to Active Duty {Amended} ............................................................................... 317 12985 Establishing the Armed Forces Service Medal {Amended} .......... 319 12989 Economy and Efficiency in Government Procurement Through Compliance with Certain Immigration and Nationality Act Pro- visions and Use of an Electronic Employment Eligibility Verification System {Amended} ...................................................... 321 12992 President’s Drug Policy Council {Amended} .................................. 327 13048 Improving Administrative Management in the Executive Branch {Amended} ........................................................................... 329 13076 Ordering the Selected Reserve to Active Duty {Amended} .......... 333 13100 President’s Council on Food Safety {Amended} ............................. 335 13112 Invasive Species {Amended} ........................................................... 337 13115 Interagency Task Force on the Roles and Missions of the United States Coast Guard {Amended} ......................................... 343 13120 Ordering the Selected Reserve and Certain Individual Ready Reserve Members of the Armed Forces to Active Duty {Amend- ed} ..................................................................................................... 347 13122 Interagency Task Force on the Economic Development of the Southwest Border {Amended} ......................................................... 349 13133 Working Group on Unlawful Conduct on the Internet {Amend- ed} ..................................................................................................... 353 13151 Global Disaster Information Network {Amended} ........................ 355 13154 Establishing the Kosovo Campaign Medal {Amended} ................. 359 13165 Creation of the White House Task Force on Drug Use in Sports and Authorization for the Director of the Office of National Drug Control Policy To Serve as the United States Govern- ment’s Representative on the Board of the World Anti-Doping Agency {Amended} ........................................................................... 361 George W. Bush 13212 Actions To Expedite Energy-Related Projects {Amended} ............ 365 13223 Ordering the Ready Reserve of the Armed Forces To Active Duty and Delegating Certain Authorities to the Secretary of Defense and the Secretary of Transportation {Amended} ............ 367 13224 Blocking Property and Prohibiting Transactions With Persons Who Commit, Threaten to Commit, or Support Terrorism {Amended} ........................................................................................ 371 13228 Establishing the Office of Homeland Security and Homeland Security Council {Amended} ........................................................... 377 VI Page George W. Bush—Continued 13231 Critical Infrastructure Protection in the Information Age {Amended} ........................................................................................ 385 13254 Establishing the USA Freedom Corps {Amended} ........................ 389 13257 Presidents Interagency Task Force To Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons {Amended} .................................................. 393 13267 Establishing a Transition Planning Office for the Department of Homeland Security Within the Office of Management and Budget .............................................................................................. 397 13274 Environmental Stewardship and Transportation Infrastructure Project Reviews {Amended} ............................................................ 399 13276 Delegation of Responsibilities Concerning Undocumented Aliens Interdicted or Intercepted in the Caribbean Region {Amended} ........................................................................................ 403 13284 Amendment of Executive Orders, and Other Actions, in Con- nection with the Establishment of the Department of Homeland Security ............................................................................................ 407 13286 Amendment of Executive Orders, and Other Actions, in Con- nection With the Establishment of the Department of Home- land Security .................................................................................... 411 13311 Homeland Security Information Sharing {Amended} ................... 433 13323 Assignment of Functions Relating to Arrivals In and Depar- tures From the United States ........................................................ 435 13347 Individuals With Disabilities in Emergency Preparedness ......... 435 13353 Establishing the President’s Board on Safeguarding Americans Civil Liberties .................................................................................. 439 13354 National Counterterrorism Center ................................................ 443 13355 Strengthened Management of the Intelligence Community ........ 449 13383 Amending Executive Orders 12139 and 12949 in Light of Es- tablishment of the Office of Director of National Intelligence ..... 457 13388 Further Strengthening the Sharing of Terrorism Information To Protect Americans ...................................................................... 459 13389 Creation of the Gulf Coast Recovery and Rebuilding Council {Amended} ........................................................................................ 463 13390 Establishment of a Coordinator of Federal Support for the Re- covery and Rebuilding of the Gulf Coast Region {Amended} ....... 467 13407 Public Alert and Warning System ................................................. 469 13416 Strengthening Surface Transportation Security ........................... 473 13434 National Security Professional Development ................................ 477 13442 Amending the Order of Succession in the Department of Home- land Security .................................................................................... 481 13462 President’s Intelligence Advisory Board and Intelligence Over- sight Board {Amended} ................................................................... 483 13475 Further Amendments To Executive Orders 12139 And 12949 In Light of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 Amendments Act of 2008 ................................................................ 489 13486 Strengthening Laboratory Biosecurity in the United States ....... 491 Barack Obama 13519 Establishment of the Financial Fraud Enforcement Task Force 497 13526 Classified National Security Information ...................................... 501 13527 Establishing Federal Capability for the Timely Provision of Medical Countermeasures Following a Biological Attack ............ 533 13528 Establishment of the Council of Governors ................................... 535 F O R E W A R D The Committee would like to thank Vanessa K. Burrows, Legis- lative Attorney, Congressional Research Service for preparing a summary included below. Brief Summary and Background on Executive Orders Executive orders are used by Presidents to achieve policy goals, set uniform standards for managing the executive branch, or out- line a policy view intended to influence the behavior of private citi- zens. The Constitution does not define executive orders. The most widely accepted description of an executive order appears to be that of the House Government Operations Committee in 1957, which de- fined an executive order as a ‘‘directive[] or action[] by the Presi- dent’’ that when ‘‘founded on the authority of the President derived from the Constitution or statute, . . . may have the force and effect of law.’’ The committee further stated that ‘‘Executive orders are generally directed to, and govern actions by, Government officials and agencies. They usually affect private individuals only indi- 1 rectly.’’ Although the Constitution does not explicitly vest the President with the authority to issue executive orders, these instruments have been employed by Presidents since George Washington. Irre- spective of the largely implied nature of the authority to issue exec- utive orders, Presidents have not hesitated to wield this power over a range of often controversial subjects, such as the establishment of internment camps during WWII, and the use of executive orders to effectuate policy or other goals may have significant effects. Nev- ertheless, it is well established that the President may not en- croach upon the lawmaking powers of the legislative branch through the issuance of executive orders. The President’s authority for the execution and implementation of executive orders stems from constitutional and statutory author- ity. In the constitutional context, presidential power to issue such orders has been derived from Article II of the Constitution, which states that ‘‘the executive Power shall be vested in a President of the United States,’’ that ‘‘the President shall be Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States,’’ and that the 1STAFF OF H. COMM. ON GOV’T OPERATIONS, 85TH CONG., 1ST SESS., EXECUTIVE ORDERS AND PROCLAMATIONS: A STUDY OF A USE OF PRESIDENTIAL POWERS (Comm. Print 1957). (1) 2 2 President ‘‘shall take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed.’’ The President’s power to issue executive orders may also derive 3 from express or implied statutory authority. If based on appro- priate authority and published in the Federal Register, executive orders may have the force and effect of law, requiring courts to 4 take judicial notice of their existence. The general framework for analyzing the validity of an executive order in relation to constitutional and congressional authority was 5 delineated in Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer. In that case, the Supreme Court struck down President Truman’s execu- tive order directing the seizure of the steel mills during the Korean War. Invalidating this action, the majority held that under the Constitution, ‘‘the President’s power to see that laws are faithfully 6 executed refutes the idea that he is to be a lawmaker.’’ Specifi- cally, Justice Black maintained that presidential authority to issue such an executive order ‘‘must stem either from an act of Congress 7 or from the Constitution itself.’’ Applying this reasoning, Justice Black’s opinion for the Court determined that as no statute or con- stitutional provision authorized such presidential action, the sei- zure order was in essence a legislative act. The Court further noted that Congress had rejected seizure as a means to settle labor dis- putes during consideration of the Taft-Hartley Act. Given this char- acterization, the Court deemed the executive order to be an uncon- stitutional violation of the separation of powers doctrine, explaining ‘‘the founders of this Nation entrusted the lawmaking power to the 8 Congress alone in both good and bad times.’’ The concurring opinion of Justice Jackson, which has come to be regarded as more influential than the majority opinion, set forth three types of circumstances in which presidential authority may 9 be asserted. First, if the President has acted according to an ex- press or implied grant of congressional authority, presidential ‘‘au- 10 thority is at its maximum.’’ Second, in situations where Congress has neither granted nor denied authority to the President, the President acts in reliance only ‘‘upon his own independent powers, but there is a zone of twilight in which he and Congress may have 11 concurrent authority, or in which its distribution is uncertain.’’ Third, in instances where presidential action is ‘‘incompatible with the express or implied will of Congress,’’ the power of the President is at its minimum, and any such action may be supported pursuant 2U.S. CONST. ART. II, § 1, 2, and 3. See EXECUTIVE ORDERS AND PROCLAMATIONS, supra note 1, at 6-12. 3 See Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co. v. Sawyer, 343 U.S. 579 (1952). 4 Armstrong v. United States, 80 U.S. 154 (1871); see also Farkas v. Texas Instrument, Inc., 372 F.2d 629 (5th Cir. 1967); Farmer v. Philadelphia Electric Co., 329 F.2d 3 (3d Cir. 1964); Jenkins v. Collard, 145 U.S. 546, 560-61 (1893). The Federal Register Act requires that executive orders be published in the Federal Register. 44 U.S.C. § 1505. Furthermore, executive orders must comply with preparation, presentation and publication requirements established by an executive order issued by President Kennedy. See Exec. Order No. 11030, 27 Fed. Reg. 5847 (June 21, 1962). 5 343 U.S. 579 (1952). 6 Id. at 587. 7 Id. at 585. 8 Id. at 586-89. 9 Id. at 635-38. 10 Id. at 635, 637. 11 Id. at 637.