Comparative Pathobiology o f Viral Diseases Volume II Editors Richard G. Olsen, Ph.D. Professor Department of Veterinary Pathobiology College of Veterinary Medicine Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio Steven Krakowka, D.V.M., James R. Blakeslee, Jr., Ph.D. Ph.D. Professor Associate Professor Department of Veterinary Pathobiology Department of Veterinary Pathobiology College of Veterinary Medicine College of Veterinary Medicine Ohio State University Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio Columbus, Ohio Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business CRCPress Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 Reissued 2019 by CRC Press © 1985 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. 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Disclaimer The publisher has made every effort to trace copyright holders and welcomes correspondence from those they have been unable to contact. ISBN 13: 978-0-367-25223-6 (hbk) ISBN 13: 978-0-429-28664-3 (ebk) Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com FOREWORD Pathobiology has been introduced as a new expression in medical terminology within the last 3 decades. It reflects the expansion of pathology into related basic sciences (microbiology, immunology, biochemistry, molecular genetics etc.) in order to fulfill one of its traditional missions of redefining the ever changing concepts and principles of disease. Virchow, introducing the concepts of cellular pathology in the last century, already remarked in his keynote address to the Pathology Congress in Berlin that, unless methods are developed to reveal the function of the cellular structures discov­ ered on the microscope, all our work will be in vain. These methods are now available. Modern pathologists (pathobiologists) employ a multitude of methods, ranging from gross observation to molecular genetics, to investigate disease-related problems. A group of scientists from the Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Ohio State University (a department combining pathology, microbiology, parasitology, and im­ munology) presents in 21 chapters of these volumes the current state of knowledge of a selected group of viral diseases in animals to which these authors made substantial contributions over the past decade. This publication reflects several years of coopera­ tive research of a successful team of investigators trained in different disciplines but sharing common research interests. The book does not attempt to cover the whole field of virology but discusses selected viral diseases of broad interest to both veterinary and human medicine. It will fulfill an important need of all investigators involved in the study of viral diseases by providing them (in two volumes) with valuable information presently scattered in many national and international journals. The title of the volumes, Comparative Pathobiology of Viral Diseases appropriately reflects the interdisciplinary team work of the authors. The range of interest is broader than the title indicates since most of the diseases treated in the volumes are excellent models of comparable human diseases. This two-volume set is greatly welcomed at this time. Adalbert Koestner, D.V.M., Ph.D. Michigan State University East Lansing, Michigan August, 1984 PREFACE The pathobiology of viral diseases encompasses areas of knowledge of virology and the physiology of the host. These various parameters culminate in the discipline of “biology of viral disease”. It was our intent in this treatise to select a few viral diseases of animal species to identify the various virus-host parameters that may be the basis of viral pathobiology. We feel that this level of understanding of viral diseases will be the basis of more effective control of viral diseases by prophylaxis and preventive medi­ cine. Moreover, this approach may be the basis of understanding and developing in­ nate disease resistance in animals of economic importance. Richard G. Olsen Steven Krakowka James R. Blakeslee ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The senior editor wishes to acknowledge especially Dr. Eldon Davis, Dr. Lois Baum­ gartner, and Dr. William Beckenhauser of the Norden Company for their professional and personal friendship and for their many outstanding contributions to animal health research. Dr. Blakeslee and Dr. Olsen had the distinct pleasure of working with Dr. Herold Cox during his tenure as chairman of the Department of Viral Oncology at Roswell Park Memorial Institute. They are indeed grateful to have been associated with this outstanding virologist, outdoorsman, and gentleman. THE EDITORS Richard G. Olsen, Ph.D., is currently Professor of Virology and Immunology in the Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Microbiol­ ogy, Department of Biological Sciences, and the Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University. Professor Olsen is a native of Independence, Missouri and grad­ uated with a B.A. from the University of Missouri and Kansas City. He obtained a M.S. degree from Atlanta University and a Ph.D. in Virology from the State Univer­ sity of New York (Roswell Park Memorial Cancer Institute Division), Buffalo, New York. Professor Olsen joined the faculty at Ohio State University in 1969 and since then has developed a graduate program in pathobiology of viral diseases. He holds grants from the National Institutes of Health and the Department of Defense. He has pub­ lished with his colleagues and graduate students over 200 papers in the fields of virol­ ogy, immunology, immunopharmacology, and immunopathology. Professor Olsen has patented a unique procedure for the production of a feline leukemia vaccine. This patent reflects the pathobiologic approach of the immunotoxic effects of feline leuke­ mia disease and indentifies the essential viral factor that cats immunologically recog­ nize to resist disease. He is a member of many national and international associations. His current research interests are delineation of the mechanism of the retrovirus-in­ duced acquired immune deficiency in cats, characterization of the preneoplastic events of retroviral disease, delineation of the biochemical mechanism of hydrazine-induced suppressor cell defects, and characterization of lichen planus dermatopathy as a pre- squamous cell carcinoma. Steven Krakowka, D.V.M., Ph.D., received his D.V.M. degree from Washington State University in 1971 and a Ph.D. from the Ohio State University in 1974. He is currently a professor in the Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Vet­ erinary Medicine, The Ohio State University. His research interests are neuropathol­ ogy, virology, and immunology. He is a co-author with Dr. Richard G. Olsen of a previous book entitled Immunology and Immunopathology of Domestic Animals. James R. Blakeslee, Jr., Ph.D., received his B.S. in bacteriology in 1962 from the University of Pittsburgh and his M.S. and Ph.D. in Microbiology from the Roswell Park Memorial Institute Division of Microbiology of the State University of New York at Buffalo in 1971. Dr. Blakeslee joined the faculty of the Department of Veterinary Pathobiology at the Ohio State University in 1973 and is an Associate Professor of virology and im­ munology in that department, the Department of Microbiology, and the Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Research Center. His research interests are mainly concerned with the interactions and effects of environmental chemicals on virus-in­ duced neoplasias. Current research efforts are directed towards investigation of human and nonhuman primate T-cell lymphotropic viruses and co-factors that may interact with the infected host resulting in frank T-cell leukemias. Dr. Blakeslee was a National Cancer Institute pre-doctoral fellow and, recently, an International Fellow of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science while a Visiting Professor at the Institute for Virus Research at Kyoto University, Japan. He is a mem­ ber of several national and international associations and has been co-editor of several books on comparative leukemia research and a contributor to a text on feline leukemia. He has over 50 publications on the subject of oncogenic viruses, modulators of virus expression, and host immunity. CONTRIBUTORS Michael K. Axthelm, D.V.M., Ph.D. Bellur S. Prabhakar, Ph.D. Postdoctoral Fellow NIH Laboratory of Oral Medicine Department of Veterinary Pathobiology National Institute of Dental Research Ohio State University Bethesda, Maryland Columbus, Ohio Anna-Lise Payne, Ph.D. Wolfgang Baumgartner, Dr. Med. Vet. Molecular Biology Section Research Associate Veterinary Research Institute Department of Veterinary Pathobiology Onderstepoort, Republic of South Columbus, Ohio Africa James R. Blakeslee, Ph.D. Niels C. Pedersen, D.V.M., Ph.D. Associate Professor Associate Professor Department of Veterinary Pathobiology Department of Medicine Ohio State University School of Veterinary Medicine Columbus, Ohio University of California Davis, California H Fred Clark, D.V.M., Ph.D. Wistar Institute R. Charles Povey, Ph.D., F.R.C.V.S. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Professor Department of Clinical Studies Robert M. Jacobs, D.V.M., Ph.D. Ontario Veterinary College Assistant Professor Guelph, Ontario, Canada Department of Veterinary Pathobiology Ohio State University Jennifer L. Rojko, D.V.M., Ph.D. Columbus, Ohio Assistant Professor Department of Veterinary Pathobiology Gayle C. Johnson, D.V.M., Ph.D. Ohio State University Assistant Professor Columbus, Ohio Department of Veterinary Pathobiology Ohio State University Royden C. Tustin, M. Med. Vet. Columbus, Ohio Professor and Head Department of Pathology Steven Krakowka, D.V.M., Ph.D. Faculty of Veterinary Science Professor University of Pretoria Department of Veterinary Pathobiology Onderstepoort, Republic of South Ohio State University Africa Columbus, Ohio D. W. Verwoerd, D.V.Sc., D.Sc. Lawrence E. Mathes, Ph.D. Assistant Director and Head Assistant Professor Section of Molecular Biology Department of Veterinary Pathobiology Veterinary Research Institute Ohio State University Onderstepoort, Republic of South Columbus, Ohio Africa TABLE OF CONTENTS Volume II Chapter 1 Feline Leukemia................................................................................................................1 James R. Blakeslee, Jr. and Jennifer L. Rojko Chapter 2 Bovine Lymphoma.........................................................................................................21 Robert M. Jacobs Chapter 3 Jaagsiekte: An Infectious Pulmonary Adenomatosis of Sheep...................................53 D. W. Verwoerd, R. C. Tustin, and A. Payne Chapter 4 Canine Parainfluenza Virus...........................................................................................77 Wolfgang Baumgartner Chapter 5 The Pathobiology of Feline Caliciviruses.....................................................................85 R. Charles Povey Chapter 6 Bovine Respiratory Synctial Virus...............................................................................105 Lawrence E. Mathes and Michael K. Axthelm Chapter 7 Feline Infectious Peritonitis.........................................................................................115 Niels C. Pedersen Chapter 8 Canine Distemper Virus................................................................................................137 Steven Krakowka, Michael K. Axthelm, and Gayle C. Johnson Chapter 9 Rabies............................................................................................................................165 H Fred Clark and Bellur S. Prabhakar Index...............................................................................................................................215 Volume II 1 Chapter 1 FELINE LEUKEMIA James R. Blakeslee, Jr. and Jennifer L. Rojko TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Historical Perspectives...........................................................................................2 II. Feline Leukemia Virus..........................................................................................2 A. Nomenclature and Structure of FeLV.....................................................2 B. Molecular Biology of FeLV......................................................................3 C. Virus Replication.......................................................................................3 D. Biologic Properties of Virus Proteins.......................................................3 E. FOCMA......................................................................................................4 F. FeLV Subgroups........................................................................................4 G. Pathogenesis of FeLV Infection................................... 5 H. Acute, Persistent, and Latent Infection...................................................7 I. Age-Related Susceptibility to FeLV Infection..........................................8 III. Immunobiology of FeLV.....................................................................................9 A. Humoral Antibody....................................................................................9 B. Cell-Mediated Immunity (CMI)................................................................9 C. Natural Killer Cells and Interferon.........................................................10 D. Complement and other Humoral Factors and FeLV.............................10 E. Immunosuppression and FeLV...............................................................10 F. Immunoprophylaxis.................................................................................12 G. FeLV as a Model for Human Disease.....................................................13 References.......................................................................................................................13