H A N D B O O K O F SOIL SCIENCES RESOURCE MANAGEMENT and ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS SECOND EDITION Handbook of Soil Sciences Handbook of Soil Sciences: Properties and Processes, Second Edition Handbook of Soil Sciences: Resource Management and Environmental Impacts, Second Edition H A N D B O O K O F SOIL SCIENCES RESOURCE MANAGEMENT and ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS SECOND EDITION Edited by Pan Ming Huang Yuncong Li Malcolm E. Sumner Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2012 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Version Date: 20110722 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4398-0308-0 (eBook - PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. 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For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com To Pan Ming Huang (1934–2009) Editor in Chief Dr. Pan Ming Huang died on September 13, 2009, after a short illness. He was a towering leader in the field of soil science, and soil chemistry in particular, having served the profession for over 44 years formerly as professor of soil science at the University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. He was a dedicated teacher and author of over 300 journal articles published in the most prestigious journals. In the midst of the revision of the Handbook of Soil Sciences, having developed and approved the outline, set the standards for the contributions, and solicited the cooperation of all the associate editors, he unexpectedly fell ill. One of his strengths was his ability to involve, organize, and inspire colleagues to cooperate in pursuing scientific endeavors as was evidenced by his initial inputs into this work. Unfortunately, he passed away before being able to see any of the fruits of his labors, the completed manuscripts. Dr. Huang is survived by his wife, Yun Yin, who was gracious in the handover of all the materi- als required for us to complete the handbook in a timely manner. We dedicate this book to Dr. Huang as a lasting memorial to his many contributions to soil science. Contents Preface........................................................................................................................................................... xi Editors .........................................................................................................................................................xiii Associate Editors ..........................................................................................................................................xv Contributors ..............................................................................................................................................xvii Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... xxi Part I Soil Physical, Chemical, and Biological Interfacial Interactions Introduction Pan Ming Huang (Deceased) and Antonio Violante ...........................................................................................I-1 1 The Role of Synchrotron Radiation in Elucidating the Biogeochemistry of Metal(loids) and Nutrients at Critical Zone Interfaces ..........................................................................................1-1 Donald L. Sparks and Matthew Ginder-Vogel 2 Clay–Organic Interactions in Soil Environments .............................................................................2-1 Guodong Yuan and Benny K.G. Theng 3 Nanoscale Science and Technology in Soil Science ..........................................................................3-1 Patricia A. Maurice 4 Impacts of Environmental Nanoparticles on Chemical, Biological, and Hydrological Processes in Terrestrial Ecosystems ..................................................................................................4-1 Nikolla P. Qafoku 5 Enzymatic Activity as Influenced by Soil Mineral and Humic Colloids and Its Impact on Biogeochemical Processes .............................................................................................................5-1 L. Gianfreda, M.A. Rao, and M. Mora 6 Biogeochemical, Biophysical, and Biological Processes in the Rhizosphere ...................................6-1 Philippe Hinsinger, Davey L. Jones, and Petra Marschner 7 Mineralogical, Physicochemical, and Microbiological Controls on Soil Organic Matter Stabilization and Turnover .................................................................................................................7-1 Ingrid Kögel-Knabner and Markus Kleber 8 Impact of Soil Physical, Chemical, and Biological Interactions on the Transformation of Metals and Metalloids ....................................................................................................................8-1 Antonio Violante, M. Pigna, V. Cozzolino, and Pan Ming Huang (Deceased) 9 Soil Physicochemical and Biological Interfacial Processes Governing the Fate of Anthropogenic Organic Pollutants ...............................................................................................9-1 Kun Yang and Baoshan Xing vii viii Contents 10 Impact of Soil Physicochemical and Biological Reactions on Transport of Nutrients and Pollutants in the Critical Zone ................................................................................................. 10-1 Jon Chorover Part II Soil Fertility and Plant Nutrition Introduction James J. Camberato ..............................................................................................................................................II-1 11 Bioavailability of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Si, and Micronutrients ..........................................................11-1 Nanthi Bolan, Ross Brennan, Dedik Budianta, James J. Camberato, Ravi Naidu, William L. Pan, Andrew Sharpley, Donald L. Sparks, and Malcolm E. Sumner 12 Soil Acidity and Liming ................................................................................................................... 12-1 T. Jot Smyth 13 Soil Fertility Evaluation ................................................................................................................... 13-1 J. Thomas Sims and Joshua McGrath 14 Fundamentals of Fertilizer Application ...........................................................................................14-1 David B. Mengel and George W. Rehm 15 Nutrient and Water Use Efficiency .................................................................................................. 15-1 Kefyalew Girma and William R. Raun 16 Nutrient Interactions in Soil Fertility and Plant Nutrition ............................................................ 16-1 William L. Pan Part III Interdisciplinary Aspects of Soil Science Introduction Guy J. Levy ...........................................................................................................................................................III-1 17 Saline and Boron-Affected Soils .......................................................................................................17-1 R. Keren 18 Sodicity ............................................................................................................................................. 18-1 Guy J. Levy 19 Soil Water Repellency ...................................................................................................................... 19-1 Stefan H. Doerr and Richard A. Shakesby 20 Biogeochemistry of Wetlands ..........................................................................................................20-1 P.W. Inglett, K.R. Reddy, W.G. Harris, and E.M. D’Angelo 21 Acid Sulfate Soils ...............................................................................................................................21-1 L.A. Sullivan, R.T. Bush, E.D. Burton, C.J. Ritsema, and M.E.F. van Mensvoort (Retired) 22 Water Erosion ...................................................................................................................................22-1 Dino Torri and Lorenzo Borselli 23 Wind Erosion....................................................................................................................................23-1 D.W. Fryrear 24 Land Application of Wastes .............................................................................................................24-1 David M. Miller and W.P. Miller 25 Conservation Tillage ........................................................................................................................25-1 Paul W. Unger and Humberto Blanco-Canqui 26 Soil Quality .......................................................................................................................................26-1 Stephanie A. Ewing and Michael J. Singer Contents ix Part IV Soil Databases Introduction Marion F. Baumgardner .....................................................................................................................................IV-1 27 Qualitative and Quantitative Aspects of World and Regional Soil Databases and Maps ...............27-1 Freddy O. Nachtergaele, Vincent W.P. van Engelen, and Niels H. Batjes 28 United States Soil Survey Databases ................................................................................................28-1 Jim R. Fortner and Alan B. Price 29 Integrated Digital, Spatial, and Attribute Databases for Soils in Brazil ........................................29-1 Carlos Eduardo Pellegrino Cerri, Carlos Gustavo Tornquist, Martial Bernoux, Miguel Cooper, Gerd Sparovek, Maria de Lourdes Mendonça-Santos, and Carlos Clemente Cerri 30 Development and Use of Soil Maps and Databases in China .........................................................30-1 Gan-Lin Zhang and Yun-Jin Wu 31 Soil Geographic Database of Russia .................................................................................................31-1 Sergey A. Shoba, Vyacheslav A. Rozhkov, Irina O. Alyabina, Varvara M. Kolesnikova, Inga S. Urusevskaya, Erik N. Molchanov, Vladimir S. Stolbovoi, Boris V. Sheremet, and Dmitry E. Konyushkov 32 Soil Databases in Africa ................................................................................................................... 32-1 D.G. Paterson and N.M. Mushia 33 Learning about Soil Resources with Digital Soil Maps .................................................................. 33-1 Darrell G. Schulze, Phillip R. Owens, and George E. Van Scoyoc