COMPANION ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THEOLOGY COMPANION ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THEOLOGY EDITED BY PETER BYRNE AND LESLIE HOULDEN London and New York First published in 1995 by Routledge 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2003. © 1995 Routledge All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available on request. ISBN 0-203-41403-9 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0-203-72227-2 (Adobe eReader Format) ISBN 0-415-06447-3 (Print Edition) CONTENTS General Introduction ix Leslie Houlden and Peter Byrne The contributors xiii PART I: THE BIBLE Introduction 3 Leslie Houlden 1. The Hebrew Bible: formation and character 7 John Barton 2. The Hebrew Bible: role in Judaism 28 Gary Gilbert and Alan F.Segal 3. The Christian adoption of the Old Testament 47 G.R.Evans 4. The Old Testament: historical study and new roles 64 John Rogerson 5. The New Testament: content and character 85 Leslie Houlden 6. The New Testament: the tradition of interpretation 102 John Muddiman 7. The New Testament in theology 122 Heikki Räisänen 8. The Bible as holy book 142 Stephen Prickett PART II: THE TRADITION Introduction 163 Leslie Houlden 9. Jesus in history and belief 168 Leslie Houlden 10. The triune God of the Bible and the emergence of orthodoxy 187 Robert L.Wilken v CONTENTS 11. Christendom: medieval Christianity 206 David d’Avray 12. The transition to modernity 230 Alister McGrath 13. The Enlightenment 251 John Kent 14. Theology now 272 Keith Clements 15. Christian theology and other faiths 291 Gavin D’ Costa 16. Christian theology’s dialogue with culture 314 Frank Burch Brown PART III: PHILOSOPHY Introduction 337 Peter Byrne 17. The concept of God 342 Keith Ward 18. The idea of reason 367 Terence Penelhum 19. Natural theology 388 David A.Pailin 20. Religious language 413 Mark Wynn 21. Theology and scientific understanding 433 Peter Byrne 22. Theological anthropology 453 Roger Trigg 23. Evil and theology 472 Stewart Sutherland 24. Feminism in the philosophy of religion 490 Grace Jantzen PART IV: SPIRITUALITY Introduction 511 Leslie Houlden 25. Spirituality and theology 514 Philip Sheldrake 26. Patristic spirituality 536 Anthony Meredith 27. Mysticism and devotion in the Middle Ages 558 Benedicta Ward 28. Religious experience in the era of reform 576 Rowan Williams vi CONTENTS 29. Theology and spirituality in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries 594 Terry Tastard 30. Religious experience and language 620 William J.Wainwright 31. Spirituality and liberation 642 Kenneth Leech 32. Spirituality and liturgy 665 Gordon S.Wakefield PART V: PRACTICAL THEOLOGY Introduction 687 Peter Byrne 33. The idea of Christian ethics 691 James M.Gustafson 34. Violence, warfare and peace 716 Barrie Paskins 35. Ethics and the personal life 738 Helen Oppenheimer 36. Theology, wealth and social justice 759 Jack Mahoney 37. Power and the State 777 Edward Norman 38. The pastoral experience 794 Jack Dominian 39. Theology, medicine and health 817 John Morgan 40. Environmental ethics 843 Stephen Clark PART VI: CHRISTIAN THEOLOGY: SCENE AND PROSPECT Introduction 871 Leslie Houlden 41. The character and possibility of Christian theology today 875 John Kent 42. Making sense of God 895 Theodore Jennings 43. The figure of Jesus Christ in contemporary Christianity 917 John Macquarrie 44. The Trinity in modern theology 937 Colin Gunton 45. Theology in the narrative mode 958 Brian Home vii CONTENTS 46. Theology in the dogmatic mode 976 Paul Avis 47. Theology as praxis 1001 Dan Cohn-Sherbok 48. Theology and the future of the Church 1017 Walter Hollenweger Index 1036 viii GENERAL INTRODUCTION Leslie Houlden and Peter Byrne The aim of this Companion Encyclopedia is to provide as comprehensive a guide as possible to the present state of Christian theology in its Western academic manifestations and in the setting of the modern world. To understand the present, especially in the case of a long-standing phenomenon like Christianity, it is necessary to be aware of the past. So here there is much history as well as contemporary reflection and assessment. The contributors are drawn from many different traditions of belief and thought, but all reflect broadly the assumptions and methods of the modern Western academy, and write as analysts rather than propagandists. No attempt has been made to seek or impose a single viewpoint, and readers will sometimes find themselves presented with different angles on the same material. Inevitably, too, some features of the scene will recur, most notably the eighteenth-century Enlightenment: readers will at least become convinced of the cruciality of this episode, greater, from a modern standpoint, in many ways than even the early period or the Reformation. At the same time, however far-reaching the developments or the applications which it undergoes, Christian theology never loses sight of the originating impulse given by Jesus of Nazareth. Behind and beneath all the ideas and all the books, it rests on the story that centres on him. Modern Christian theology (and everything in this book is ‘modern’ in standpoint even when it examines writings and ideas of the distant past) is far from being a unified phenomenon. In the first place, there are significant differences of theological agenda, ethos, priority and content between the various Christian Churches, from the largest to the smallest; and, especially in the case of the great Churches, there are also significant internal differences, traceable both to history and to contemporary movements of thought and life. Thus, the Anglican Communion contains strong ‘Catholic’, ‘Protestant’ and ‘liberal’ elements, and the Roman Catholic Church includes both traditionalists and reformists. Second, theology involves different styles and emphases according to the ix