Communist Indochina ThisbookexaminesthehistoryofcommunistIndochinafromthefoundationof theIndochineseCommunistPartyin1929–30totheendofthe1970s.Itexplores the impact of the Japanese invasion of Indochina in 1940, and the subsequent relationshipbetweentheJapaneseoccupiersandtheVichyFrenchcolonialregime. It considers why, following the Japanese surrender, the cause of Vietnamese independence was championed by the Communist-led Viet Minh movement headedbyHoChiMinh,culminatingintheAugustRevolutionandtheVietMinh seizureofpowerandanalysestherecordoftheVietMinhProvisionalGovernment of1945–46.ItgoesontoconsiderkeyepisodesoftheVietnamWarwhichfollowed partitionin1954,includingtheTetOffensiveof1967–68–acrucialturningpoint inthecourseoftheconflict–andtheCambodiaCrisisof1969–70.Throughout,it considerseventswithinIndochinainthecontextofwiderregionalandinternational developments,focusinginparticularontheroleplayedbytheChinese,including their support to the Viet Minh in their struggle against the French from 1947, and the issue of Cambodia which eventually precipitated the Sino-Vietnamese War of 1979. The book also explores the main trends in social, economic and institutional development which characterised this period, including village and clan networks, economic and monetary developments, the contrasting systems of North and South after partition, and the consequences of choosing a Soviet economicalignmentinpreferencetolinkswithJapanandcapitalistAsia.Written bythelateRalphSmith,ahighlyrespectedhistorianofAsia,thisbookisessential readingforanyoneseekingtounderstandthehistoryofIndochina. R.B.SmithwasProfessoroftheInternationalHistoryofSouth-EastAsiaatthe School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, where he taught from1962–2000.HisworksincludeVietnamandtheWest(1971);andthethree- volumeAnInternationalHistoryoftheVietnamWar(1983,1985,1990). Beryl Williams is Emeritus Reader in History, University of Sussex, UK. She taught at Sussex from 1963–2003, and her publications include The Russian Revolution1917–1921(1987)andLenin(2000). [13:55 18/11/2008 5253-Smith-Frontmatter.tex] JobNo:5253 Smith:CommunistIndochina Page:i 1–xiii RoutledgestudiesinthemodernhistoryofAsia 1 ThePoliceinOccupationJapan 10 WarandNationalisminChina Control,corruptionandresistance 1925–1945 toreform HansJ.vandeVen ChristopherAldous 11 HongKonginTransition 2 ChineseWorkers Onecountry,twosystems Anewhistory EditedbyRobertAsh, JackieSheehan PeterFerdinand,BrianHook andRobinPorter 3 TheAftermathofPartitionin 12 Japan’sPostwarEconomic SouthAsia RecoveryandAnglo–Japanese TaiYongTanandGyaneshKudaisya Relations,1948–1962 4 TheAustralia–JapanPolitical NorikoYokoi Alignment1952tothepresent 13 JapaneseArmyStragglersand AlanRix MemoriesoftheWarinJapan, 1950–1975 5 JapanandSingaporeintheWorld BeatriceTrefalt Economy Japan’seconomicadvanceinto 14 EndingtheVietnamWar Singapore,1870–1965 TheVietnameseCommunists’ ShimizuHiroshiandHirakawaHitoshi perspective AngChengGuan 6 TheTriadsasBusiness YiuKongChu 15 TheDevelopmentoftheJapanese NursingProfession 7 ContemporaryTaiwaneseCultural AdoptingandadaptingWestern Nationalism influences A-chinHsiau AyaTakahashi 8 ReligionandNationalisminIndia 16 Women’sSuffrageinAsia ThecaseofthePunjab Gendernationalismanddemocracy HarnikDeol LouiseEdwardsandMinaRoces 9 JapaneseIndustrialisation 17 TheAnglo–JapaneseAlliance, Historicalandculturalperspectives 1902–1922 IanInkster PhillipsPaysonO’Brien [13:55 18/11/2008 5253-Smith-Frontmatter.tex] JobNo:5253 Smith:CommunistIndochina Page:ii 1–xiii 18 TheUnitedStatesandCambodia, 29 AVietnameseRoyalExileinJapan 1870–1969 PrinceCuongDe(1882–1951) Fromcuriositytoconfrontation TranMy-Van KentonClymer 30 CorruptionandGoodGovernance 19 CapitalistRestructuringandthe inAsia PacificRim NicholasTarling RaviArvindPalat 31 US–ChinaColdWarCollaboration, 20 TheUnitedStatesandCambodia, 1971–1989 1969–2000 S.MahmudAli Atroubledrelationship KentonClymer 32 RuralEconomicDevelopment inJapan 21 BritishBusinessinPost-Colonial Fromthenineteenthcenturytothe Malaysia,1957–1970 PacificWar ‘Neo-colonialism’or PenelopeFrancks ‘Disengagement’? NicholasJ.White 33 ColonialArmiesinSoutheastAsia EditedbyKarlHackand 22 TheRiseandDeclineofThai TobiasRettig Absolutism KulladaKesboonchooMead 34 IntraAsianTradeandthe WorldMarket 23 RussianViewsofJapan,1792–1913 A.J.H.LathamandHeitaKawakatsu Ananthologyoftravelwriting DavidN.Wells 35 Japanese–GermanRelations, 1895–1945 24 TheInternmentofWestern War,diplomacyandpublic CiviliansundertheJapanese, opinion 1941–1945 EditedbyChristianW.Spangand Apatchworkofinternment Rolf-HaraldWippich BerniceArcher 36 Britain’sImperialCornerstone 25 TheBritishEmpireandTibet inChina 1900–1922 TheChinesemaritimecustoms WendyPalace service,1854–1949 DonnaBrunero 26 NationalisminSoutheastAsia 37 ColonialCambodia’s Ifthepeoplearewithus ‘BadFrenchmen’ NicholasTarling TheriseofFrenchruleandthelifeof 27 Women,WorkandtheJapanese ThomasCaraman,1840–1887 EconomicMiracle GregorMuller Thecaseofthecottontextileindustry, 1945–1975 38 Japanese–AmericanCivilian HelenMacnaughtan PrisonerExchangesandDetention Camps,1941–1945 28 AColonialEconomyinCrisis BruceElleman Burma’sricecultivatorsandtheworld depressionofthe1930s 39 RegionalisminSoutheastAsia IanBrown NicholasTarling [13:55 18/11/2008 5253-Smith-Frontmatter.tex] JobNo:5253 Smith:CommunistIndochina Page:iii 1–xiii 40 ChangingVisionsofEastAsia, 47 TheQuestforGentilityinChina 1943–1993 Negotiationsbeyondgenderandclass Transformationsandcontinuities EditedbyDariaBergandChloëStarr R.B.Smith(editedby ChadJ.Mitcham) 48 ForgottenCaptivesinJapanese OccupiedAsia 41 ChristianHereticsinLate EditedbyKevinBlackburnand ImperialChina KarlHack Christianinculturationandstate control,1720–1850 49 JapaneseDiplomacyinthe1950s LarsP.Laamann Fromisolationtointegration EditedbyIokibeMakoto,Caroline 42 Beijing–AConciseHistory Rose,TomaruJunkoandJohnWeste StephenG.Haw 43 TheImpactofthe 50 TheLimitsofBritishColonial Russo–JapaneseWar ControlinSouthAsia EditedbyRotemKowner SpacesofdisorderintheIndian oceanregion 44 Business–GovernmentRelationsin EditedbyAshwiniTambeand PrewarJapan HaraldFischer-Tiné PetervonStaden 45 India’sPrincelyStates 51 OnTheBordersofStatePower People,princesandcolonialism FrontiersinthegreaterMekong EditedbyWaltraudErnstand sub-region BiswamoyPati EditedbyMartinGainsborough 46 RethinkingGandhiandNonviolent 52 Pre-CommunistIndochina Relationality R.B.Smith(editedbyBerylWilliams) Globalperspectives EditedbyDebjaniGangulyand 53 CommunistIndochina JohnDocker R.B.Smith(editedbyBerylWilliams) [13:55 18/11/2008 5253-Smith-Frontmatter.tex] JobNo:5253 Smith:CommunistIndochina Page:iv 1–xiii Communist Indochina R.B. Smith Edited by Beryl Williams [13:55 18/11/2008 5253-Smith-Frontmatter.tex] JobNo:5253 Smith:CommunistIndochina Page:v 1–xiii Firstpublished2009 byRoutledge 2ParkSquare,MiltonPark,Abingdon,Oxon,OX144RN SimultaneouslypublishedintheUSAandCanada byRoutledge 270MadisonAvenue,NewYork,NY10016 RoutledgeisanimprintoftheTaylor&FrancisGroup, aninformabusiness ©2009individualchapters,R.B.Smith;editorialselectionandmatter, BerylWilliams;introduction,A.J.Stockwell TypesetinTimesNewRomanbyKeywordGroupLtd PrintedandboundinGreatBritainbyTJInternationalLtd, Padstow,Cornwall Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybereprintedorreproducedor utilisedinanyformorbyanyelectronic,mechanical,orothermeans,now knownorhereafterinvented,includingphotocopyingandrecording,orin anyinformationstorageorretrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwriting fromthepublishers. BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationData p.cm.–(RoutledgestudiesinthemodernhistoryofAsia;53) ThefoundationoftheIndochineseCommunistParty,1929-1930– TheJapaneseperiodinIndochinaandthecoupof9Mar.1945– TheVietnameserevolutionofAug.-Sept.1945:aSouth-EastAsian perspective–TheworkoftheprovisionalgovernmentofVietnam, Aug.-Dec.,1945–ChinaandSoutheastAsia:therevolutionary perspective,1951–TheTetcrisisof1967-68inperspective–The internationalsettingoftheCambodiacrisis,1969-1970–Cambodiain thecontextofSino-Vietnameserelations–Vietnamfromthe1890sto the1990s:continuityandchangeinthelongerperspective. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN978-0-415-46804-6(hardback:alk.paper) 1.Indochina–History–20thcentury.I.Williams,Beryl,1940-II.Title. DS549.S652008 959.704–dc22 2008026415 ISBN13:978-0-415-46804-6(hbk) ISBN10:0-415-46804-3(hbk) [13:55 18/11/2008 5253-Smith-Frontmatter.tex] JobNo:5253 Smith:CommunistIndochina Page:vi 1–xiii InmemoryofJudyStowe [13:55 18/11/2008 5253-Smith-Frontmatter.tex] JobNo:5253 Smith:CommunistIndochina Page:vii 1–xiii [13:55 18/11/2008 5253-Smith-Frontmatter.tex] JobNo:5253 Smith:CommunistIndochina Page:viii 1–xiii Contents Preface xi Acknowledgements xii Introduction1 1 ThefoundationoftheIndochineseCommunistParty, 1929–19305 2 TheJapaneseperiodinIndochinaandthecoupof 9March194534 3 TheVietnameserevolutionofAugust–September1945: aSouth-EastAsianperspective70 4 TheworkoftheProvisionalGovernmentofVietnam, August–December194584 5 ChinaandSoutheastAsia:therevolutionary perspective,1951115 6TheTETcrisisof1967–1968inperspective132 7TheinternationalsettingoftheCambodiacrisis,1969–1970149 [13:55 18/11/2008 5253-Smith-Frontmatter.tex] JobNo:5253 Smith:CommunistIndochina Page:ix 1–xiii