CommunicationSystemsPrinciplesUsingMATLAB® Communication Systems Principles Using MATLAB® JohnW.Leis UniversityofSouthernQueensland Thiseditionfirstpublished2018 ©2018JohnWiley&Sons,Inc. Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem, ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recordingor otherwise,exceptaspermittedbylaw.Adviceonhowtoobtainpermissiontoreusematerialfromthis titleisavailableathttp://www.wiley.com/go/permissions. TherightofJohnW.Leisbeidentifiedastheauthorofthisworkhasbeenassertedinaccordance withlaw. RegisteredOffice JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,111RiverStreet,Hoboken,NJ07030,USA EditorialOffice 111RiverStreet,Hoboken,NJ07030,USA Fordetailsofourglobaleditorialoffices,customerservices,andforinformationabout Wileyproductsvisitusatwww.wiley.com. Wileyalsopublishesitsbooksinavarietyofelectronicformatsandbyprint-on-demand.Somecontent thatappearsinstandardprintversionsofthisbookmaynotbeavailableinotherformats. 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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Names:Leis,John,1966–author. Title:CommunicationsystemsprinciplesusingMATLAB/byJohnW.Leis. Description:Hoboken,NJ:JohnWiley&Sons,2018.|Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.| Identifiers:LCCN2018008692(print)|LCCN2018021192(ebook)|ISBN9781119470687(pdf)| ISBN9781119470755(epub)|ISBN9781119470670(cloth) Subjects:LCSH:MATLAB.|Datatransmissionsystems–Computersimulation.| Telecommunicationsystems–Computersimulation. Classification:LCCTK5105(ebook)|LCCTK5105.L452018(print)|DDC621.3820285/53–dc23 LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2018008692 CoverDesign:Wiley CoverImage:©Nongkran_ch/gettyimages Setin10/12ptWarnockbySPiGlobal,Pondicherry,India PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Tomyfather,Harold,andmymother,Rosalie. Forallyouhavedoneforus,andteachingthat mountainsaretheretobeclimbed. ToDebbie,Amy,andKate. Forenrichingmylifebeyondimagination. vii Contents Preface xiii Acknowledgments xv Introduction xvii AbouttheCompanionWebsite xxi 1 SignalsandSystems 1 1.1 ChapterObjectives 1 1.2 Introduction 1 1.3 SignalsandPhaseShift 2 1.4 SystemBuildingBlocks 3 1.4.1 BasicBuildingBlocks 3 1.4.2 PhaseShiftingBlocks 4 1.4.3 LinearandNonlinearBlocks 5 1.4.4 FilteringBlocks 8 1.5 IntegrationandDifferentiationofaWaveform 10 1.6 GeneratingSignals 16 1.7 MeasuringandTransferringPower 19 1.7.1 RootMeanSquare 19 1.7.2 TheDecibel 23 1.7.3 MaximumPowerTransfer 25 1.8 SystemNoise 29 1.9 ChapterSummary 32 Problems 32 2 Wired,Wireless,andOpticalSystems 37 2.1 ChapterObjectives 37 2.2 Introduction 37 2.3 UsefulPreliminaries 38 2.3.1 FrequencyComponentsWhenaSignalWaveformIsKnown 38 2.3.2 FrequencySpectrumWhenaSignalIsMeasured 42 2.3.3 MeasuringtheFrequencySpectruminPractice 44 viii Contents 2.4 WiredCommunications 50 2.4.1 CablingConsiderations 50 2.4.2 PulseShaping 52 2.4.3 LineCodesandSynchronization 62 2.4.4 ScramblingandSynchronization 66 2.4.5 PulseReflection 73 2.4.6 CharacteristicImpedanceofaTransmissionLine 80 2.4.7 WaveEquationforaTransmissionLine 83 2.4.8 StandingWaves 84 2.5 RadioandWireless 92 2.5.1 Radio-frequencySpectrum 92 2.5.2 RadioPropagation 92 2.5.3 Line-of-sightConsiderations 96 2.5.4 RadioReflection 97 2.5.5 RadioWaveDiffraction 99 2.5.6 RadioWaveswithaMovingSenderorReceiver 103 2.5.7 SendingandCapturingaRadioSignal 105 2.5.8 ProcessingaWirelessSignal 119 2.5.9 Intermodulation 128 2.5.10 ExternalNoise 131 2.6 OpticalTransmission 132 2.6.1 PrinciplesofOpticalTransmission 132 2.6.2 OpticalSources 134 2.6.3 OpticalFiber 139 2.6.4 OpticalFiberLosses 145 2.6.5 OpticalTransmissionMeasurements 147 2.7 ChapterSummary 150 Problems 151 3 ModulationandDemodulation 155 3.1 ChapterObjectives 155 3.2 Introduction 155 3.3 UsefulPreliminaries 156 3.3.1 Trigonometry 157 3.3.2 ComplexNumbers 159 3.4 TheNeedforModulation 162 3.5 AmplitudeModulation 164 3.5.1 FrequencyComponents 167 3.5.2 PowerAnalysis 170 3.5.3 AMDemodulation 171 3.5.4 VariationsonAM 173 3.6 FrequencyandPhaseModulation 180 3.6.1 FMandPMConcepts 181 Contents ix 3.6.2 FMandPMAnalysis 183 3.6.3 GenerationofFMandPMSignals 185 3.6.4 TheSpectrumofFrequencyModulation 186 3.6.5 WhyDotheBesselCoefficientsGivetheSpectrumofFM? 195 3.6.6 FMDemodulation 200 3.7 PhaseTrackingandSynchronization 204 3.8 DemodulationUsingIQMethods 215 3.8.1 DemodulationofAMUsingIQSignals 216 3.8.2 DemodulationofPMUsingIQSignals 219 3.8.3 DemodulationofFMUsingIQSignals 222 3.9 ModulationforDigitalTransmission 225 3.9.1 DigitalModulation 226 3.9.2 RecoveringDigitalSignals 228 3.9.3 OrthogonalSignals 237 3.9.4 QuadratureAmplitudeModulation 239 3.9.5 FrequencyDivisionMultiplexing 242 3.9.6 OrthogonalFrequencyDivisionMultiplexing 244 3.9.7 ImplementingOFDM:TheFFT 247 3.9.8 SpreadSpectrum 254 3.10 ChapterSummary 261 Problems 261 4 InternetProtocolsandPacketDeliveryAlgorithms 269 4.1 ChapterObjectives 269 4.2 Introduction 269 4.3 UsefulPreliminaries 270 4.3.1 PacketSwitching 270 4.3.2 BinaryOperations 272 4.3.3 DataStructuresandDereferencingData 272 4.4 Packets,ProtocolLayers,andtheProtocolStack 277 4.5 LocalAreaNetworks 281 4.5.1 WiredLANs 282 4.5.2 WirelessLANs 284 4.6 DevicePacketDelivery:InternetProtocol 286 4.6.1 TheOriginalIPv4 286 4.6.2 ExtensiontoIPv6 286 4.6.3 IPChecksum 290 4.6.4 IPAddressing 294 4.6.5 Subnetworks 296 4.6.6 NetworkAddressTranslation 298 4.7 NetworkAccessConfiguration 300 4.7.1 MappingMACtoIP:ARP 301 4.7.2 IPConfiguration:DHCP 302 x Contents 4.7.3 DomainNameSystem(DNS) 302 4.8 ApplicationPacketDelivery:TCPandUDP 303 4.9 TCP:ReliableDeliveryandNetworkFairness 309 4.9.1 ConnectionEstablishmentandTeardown 311 4.9.2 CongestionControl 311 4.9.3 TCPTimeouts 319 4.10 PacketRouting 321 4.10.1 RoutingExample 322 4.10.2 MechanicsofPacketForwarding 323 4.10.3 RoutingTasks 325 4.10.4 ForwardingTableUsingSupernetting 326 4.10.5 RoutePathLookup 330 4.10.6 RoutingTablesBasedonNeighborDiscovery:DistanceVector 343 4.10.7 RoutingTablesBasedonNetworkTopology:LinkState 348 4.11 ChapterSummary 359 Problems 359 5 QuantizationandCoding 363 5.1 ChapterObjectives 363 5.2 Introduction 363 5.3 UsefulPreliminaries 364 5.3.1 ProbabilityFunctions 364 5.3.2 DifferenceEquationsandthezTransform 366 5.4 DigitalChannelCapacity 369 5.5 Quantization 372 5.5.1 ScalarQuantization 373 5.5.2 Companding 379 5.5.3 UnequalStepSizeQuantization 382 5.5.4 AdaptiveScalarQuantization 383 5.5.5 VectorQuantization 385 5.6 SourceCoding 389 5.6.1 LosslessCodes 390 5.6.1.1 EntropyandCodewords 390 5.6.1.2 TheHuffmanCode 392 5.6.1.3 AdaptingtheProbabilityTable 404 5.6.2 Block-basedLosslessEncoders 405 5.6.2.1 Sliding-WindowLosslessEncoders 405 5.6.2.2 Dictionary-basedLosslessEncoders 407 5.6.3 DifferentialPCM 409 5.6.3.1 Sample-by-samplePrediction 410 5.6.3.2 AdaptivePrediction 417 5.7 ImageCoding 420 5.7.1 BlockTruncationAlgorithm 422 Contents xi 5.7.2 DiscreteCosineTransform 425 5.7.3 QuadtreeDecomposition 430 5.7.4 ColorRepresentation 431 5.8 SpeechandAudioCoding 433 5.8.1 LinearPredictionforSpeechCoding 434 5.8.2 AnalysisbySynthesis 439 5.8.3 SpectralResponseandNoiseWeighting 440 5.8.4 AudioCoding 442 5.9 ChapterSummary 447 Problems 447 6 DataTransmissionandIntegrity 453 6.1 ChapterObjectives 453 6.2 Introduction 453 6.3 UsefulPreliminaries 454 6.3.1 ProbabilityErrorFunctions 454 6.3.2 IntegerArithmetic 458 6.4 BitErrorsinDigitalSystems 461 6.4.1 BasicConcepts 461 6.4.2 AnalyzingBitErrors 463 6.5 ApproachestoBlockErrorDetection 470 6.5.1 HammingCodes 472 6.5.2 Checksums 478 6.5.3 CyclicRedundancyChecks 482 6.5.4 ConvolutionalCodingforErrorCorrection 489 6.6 EncryptionandSecurity 507 6.6.1 CipherAlgorithms 508 6.6.2 SimpleEnciphermentSystems 509 6.6.3 KeyExchange 512 6.6.4 DigitalSignaturesandHashFunctions 519 6.6.5 Public-keyEncryption 520 6.6.6 Public-keyAuthentication 522 6.6.7 MathematicsUnderpinningPublic-keyEncryption 522 6.7 ChapterSummary 526 Problems 526 References 531 Index 541 xiii Preface History has probably never witnessed such a dramatic rise in technical sophistication, coupled with blanket penetration into everyday life, as has occurredinrecenttimeswithtelecommunications.Thecombinationofelec- tronicsystems,togetherwithreadilyavailableprogrammabledevices,provides endless possibilities for interconnecting what were previously separated and isolatedmeansofcommunicating,bothacrossthestreetandacrosstheglobe. How, then, is the college- or university-level student to come to grips with allthissophisticationinjustafewsemestersofstudy?Humanlearninghasnot changedsubstantially,butthemeanstoacquireknowledgeandshapeunder- standing certainly has. This is through the ability to experiment, craft, code, and create systems of our own making. This book recognizes that a valuable approachisthatoflearn-by-doing,experimenting,makingmistakes,andalter- ing our mental models as a result. Whilst there are many excellent reference textsonthesubjectavailable,theycanbeopaqueandimpenetrabletothenew- comer. Thisbookisnotdesignedtosimplyofferarecipeforeachcurrentandemerg- ing technology. Rather, the underpinning theories and ideas are explained in ordertomotivatethewhydoesitworkinthisway?questionsratherthanhow doestechnologyXwork?. With these observations as a background, this book was designed to cover many fundamental topics in telecommunications but without the need to master a large body of theory whose relevance may not immediately be apparent. It is suitable for several one-semester courses focusing on one or more topics in radio and wireless modulation, reception and transmission, wired networks, and fiber-optic communications. This is then extended to packetnetworksandTCP/IPandthentodigitalsourceandchannelcodingand thebasicsofdataencryption.Theemphasisisonunderstanding,ratherthan regurgitatingfacts.Digitalcommunicationsisaddressedwiththecoverageof packet-switched networks, with many fundamentalconcepts such as routing via shortest path introduced with simple, concrete, and intuitive examples.