Computer Communications and Networks Kenneth C. Budka Jayant G. Deshpande Marina Thottan Communication Networks for Smart Grids Making Smart Grid Real Computer Communications and Networks Forfurthervolumes: http://www.springer.com/series/4198 TheComputerCommunicationsandNetworksseriesisarangeoftextbooks,monographs and handbooks. It sets out to provide students, researchers and non-specialists alike with a sure grounding in current knowledge, together with comprehensible access to the latest developmentsincomputercommunicationsandnetworking. Emphasisisplacedonclearandexplanatorystylesthatsupportatutorialapproach,sothat eventhemostcomplexoftopicsispresentedinalucidandintelligiblemanner. Kenneth C. Budka • Jayant G. Deshpande Marina Thottan Communication Networks for Smart Grids Making Smart Grid Real 123 KennethC.Budka JayantG.Deshpande Alcatel-Lucent Alcatel-LucentBellLabs MurrayHill,NJ MurrayHill,NJ USA USA MarinaThottan Alcatel-LucentBellLabs MurrayHill,NJ USA SeriesEditor A.J.Sammes CentreforForensicComputing CranfieldUniversity ShrivenhamCampus Swindon,UK ISSN1617-7975 ComputerCommunicationsandNetworks ISBN978-1-4471-6301-5 ISBN978-1-4471-6302-2(eBook) DOI10.1007/978-1-4471-6302-2 SpringerLondonHeidelbergNewYorkDordrecht LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2014931422 ©Springer-VerlagLondon2014 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartof thematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation, broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionorinformation storageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodology nowknownorhereafterdeveloped.Exemptedfromthislegalreservationarebriefexcerptsinconnection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. 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Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) Preface In its Framework and Roadmap for Smart Grid Interoperability Standards, the US NationalInstituteofStandardsandTechnologydeclaresthatatwenty-first-century cleanenergyeconomydemandsatwenty-first-centuryelectricgrid.1Thestartofthe twenty-firstcenturymarkedtheaccelerationoftheSmartGridevolution.Thegoals ofthisevolutionarebroad,includingthepromotionofwidespreadanddistributed deployment of renewable energy sources, increased energy efficiency, peak power reduction,automateddemandresponse,improvedreliability,lowerenergydelivery costs,andconsumerparticipationinenergymanagement.Thisevolutionwilltouch each and every aspect of the electric power grid, a system that has changed little since its inception at the end of the nineteenth century. Realizing the goals of the Smart Grid evolution will require modernization of grid components, introduction ofnewcontrolandmonitoringtechnologies,andongoingresearchanddevelopment ofnewtechnologies. The “intelligence” of the Smart Grid relies upon the real-time exchange of measurementandcontroldataamongavastwebofdevicesinstalledinhomesand businesses,withinthedistributionandtransmissiongrids,andatsubstations,control centers,generationstations,andotherfacilities.Thus,ahigh-performance,reliable, secure, and scalable communication network is an integral part of the Smart Grid evolution. However, the communication networks of many utilities today are ill-equipped tomeetthechallengescreatedbytheSmartGridevolution.Thesecommunication networks are largely purpose-built for the support of individual applications: separate networks for Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA), for video surveillance, for Land Mobile Radio backhaul, and so on. These networks rely heavily on circuit-based transport technologies. The ever-expanding growth ofnetworkendpointsandapplicationsasSmartGridexpands makesthesecurrent 1National Institute of Standards and Technology, NIST Framework and Roadmap for Smart Grid Interoperability Standards, Release 2.0, NIST Publication 1108R2, U. S. Department of Commerce,February2012. v vi Preface practicesuntenable.Anew,integratednetworkarchitectureisrequired,onethatwill carrytrafficfromallapplicationswhilemeetingtheirdisparatereliability,security, andperformancerequirements. This book is a contribution to this growing body of knowledge. It is based both on our research into Smart Grid communications and on the consulting serviceswehaveprovidedelectricpowercompaniesontransformingtheirexisting communicationnetworkstomeetthechallengesofSmartGridevolution. Thisbookwillbeofinteresttothoseengagedintheplanning,deployment,engi- neering, operation, and regulation of Smart Grids, including strategists, planners, utilitypractitioners,communicationnetworktechnologyproviders,communication networkserviceproviders,SmartGridproductvendors,regulators,andacademics. Thisbookwillalsobearesourceforupper-levelundergraduateandgraduatecourses coveringSmartGrids. We have taken an application-centric approach to the development of the Smart Grid communication architecture and network transformation based on that architecture. Therefore, a significant part of this book is devoted to describing the evolvingSmartGridapplicationssuchasAdvancedMeteringInfrastructure(AMI), distributionautomation(DA),andtraditionalutilityapplicationslikeSCADA. We begin in Chap. 1 with characterizing the Smart Grid in the broadest sense. Theelectricpowergridconsistsofpowerplantsofbulkelectricenergygeneration connected to a system of high-voltage transmission lines to deliver power to consumers through electric distribution systems. Communication networks have been used for grid monitoring in the latter part of the twentieth century but were limited to the substation-based SCADA and teleprotection systems. The need for clean energy with large-scale deployment of renewable sources of energy, advantagesofpeakpowerreductionforenvironmentalandeconomicreasons,grid modernization,andconsumerparticipationinenergymanagementaresomeofthe motivationsfortheevolutionofSmartGrid.WhileSmartGridisanaturalevolution of the electric power grid, the evolution has taken a sense of urgency in the last decade. Topicsinpowersystemsandgridoperationsrelevanttothisbookarepresented in Chap. 2 for the benefit of the readers with little background in power systems. After presenting the definitions of basic electric quantities like power and energy, a quick overview of alternate current systems and phasors is presented. Elements ofpowergeneration,transmission,anddistributionsystemsarebrieflydescribedto providebackgroundrelevanttothisbook. InChap.3,topicsincommunicationnetworksrelevanttothisbookarepresented for the benefit of the readers with little background in networking. After a brief presentation of the data communication network architecture framework of the Open System Interconnection (OSI) architecture, networking layers pertinent to SmartGridnetworkarepresentedinmoredetail.Introductiontomanywirelessand wireline technologies is included. Since IP will be the network protocol of choice for the evolving smart networks, relevant IP networking features are described in moredetail.MultiprotocolLabelSwitching(MPLS)technologyisalsoincludedin thisreviewsinceMPLSprovidesmanyimportantfeaturesneededintheSmartGrid Preface vii communication network, in addition to supporting utility applications that cannot becarriedoveranIP-onlynetwork. Before the Smart Grid evolution began, networking for utility operations was generallylimitedtoapplicationssuchasSCADAandteleprotection.Utilitymobile workforcepersonnelusecommunicationnetworksfortheiroperations–mostlyfor push-to-talk voice communications. Some utilities have deployed network video surveillance withclosedcircuittelevision(CCTV)cameras.Alltheseapplications will continue to be supported in the Smart Grid network. In Chap. 4, these applicationsandtheircommunicationnetworkrequirements,networkingprotocols, andnetworkingtechnologiesarepresented. In Chap. 5, we present a comprehensive description of many of the new utility applications that can be attributed to the Smart Grid evolution. In addition to presenting their communication network requirements, we briefly discuss net- work protocols and network technology options for some of these applications. Applications included in this chapter are AMI, DA, distributed generation (DG), distributedstorage,electricvehicles(EVs),microgrids,homeareanetworks,retail energy markets, automated demand response, wide area situational awareness and synchrophasors, flexible AC transmission system, and dynamic line rating (DLR). ContributionsoftheapplicationofChaps.4and5tooneormoreofthefourbroad characteristicsoftheSmartGridaresummarizedinatableattheendofthischapter. In Chap. 6, the Smart Grid communication network architecture is developed. A core-edge network architecture is well suited for the Smart Grid network with manyutilityendpointscommunicatingwiththeapplicationendpointslocatedinthe utilitydataandcontrolcenter(DCC).Theconceptofthewideareanetwork(WAN) is formalized for the Smart Grid network as an interconnection of aggregation routers – called WAN routers. Other utility endpoints connect to the WAN at the WANroutersoveraccessnetworks–calledfieldareanetworks(FANs)intheutility community. While IP will be the overall network protocol, the architecture will supportlegacyapplicationsandprotocolsforaperiodoftimeasdesiredbyautility. Inadditiontothephysicalnetworkarchitecture,thelogicalnetworkarchitectureis describedwiththeuseofmanyexamples. Attheoutset,itisimportanttounderstandthatthenetworkingrequirementsfora utilitynetworkaredifferentinmanyaspectscomparedtothoseforanetworkservice provider (NSP) network used for data services offered to its customers as well as for data networks in most enterprises. The NSP networks are primarily designed tosupporttheircustomers’multimediaapplications,whiletheSmartGridnetwork mustsupportmission-criticalapplicationssuchasSCADA,teleprotection,DA,and synchrophasors.Mostenterprisedatanetworkrequirementsonreliability,security, and performance are less stringent than those of Smart Grid networks. Therefore, thenetworkdesignparadigmforSmartGridnetworksisdifferentinmanyrespects from that of the more established data network design practices. Chapter 7 begins withthecharacterizationofSmartGridlogicalconnectivityandnetworktrafficthat aretheinputstonetworkdesign.Designconsiderationsareprovidedforthesupport oftherequirementsonrouting,qualityofservice(QoS),andnetworkreliability. viii Preface While security is briefly included in Chap. 7 in the context of network design, networksecuritydeservesadetailedtreatment.Chapter8discussesnetworksecurity for Smart Grid communication networks. Cybersecurity of the power grid has become as important as physical security. There has been a concerted effort by utilities, regulators, and standards bodies to implement a high level of communi- cationnetworksecuritythatwillnotonlysecurethenetworksbutalsominimizethe possibilityofattacksonthegridandhelpmitigateandeliminatesecuritythreats.A securityarchitecturewithmultiplesecurityzonesispresented. Chapter9providesanoverviewofcommunicationnetworktechnologiesappro- priateforWANsandtheFANs.ForWAN,opticalnetworksarediscussedindetail since many utilities already own or plan to deploy significant fiber infrastruc- ture with optical ground wire (OPGW). Both wireline and wireless networking technologies are considered with special emphasis of their use as FANs. A more detailed treatment is provided for power line communication (PLC) technology since it is not a very commonly deployed technology in NSP or most enterprise networks.Similarly,long-termevolution(LTE)technologyisdescribedindetailin thischapter,sinceLTEhasthepromiseofthemostappropriatewirelessbroadband network technology for Smart Grid endpoints that need to be connected over wireless networks. Benefits and drawbacks of all technologies for their use in the FANs are summarized in a table. The chapter ends with a discussion on benefits anddrawbacksofutilityownershipofoneormoreofthesenetworkcomponentsin comparisontousingcarrierdatanetworkingservices. SmartGridbringswithitanenormousgrowthindatathatmustbemanagedfor usebyanever-growingnumberofutilityapplications.SmartGriddatamanagement isdiscussedinChap.10inthecontextofdatacollection,storage,andaccessacross the communication network. The traditional practice of client-server communi- cation between individual applications and individual data source (such as smart meters, intelligent electronic devices, and synchrophasor) is not scalable. Further, thisend-to-end communication hasinherent securityanddataprivacy risks.There havebeenrecentadvancesinsecuredatamanagementthatareparticularlysuitable in the Smart Grid data management environment with network-based data storage andthecorrespondingmiddlewarethataffordshighlysecureandlow-delayaccess to the data. In this chapter, a secure data-centric data management architecture is discussed.ThechapterendswithabriefpresentationoftheelementsofSmartGrid dataanalytics. Chapter 11 brings together the concepts, technologies, and practices in the realization of communication networks for the Smart Grid. In this chapter, we present network transformation from the present mode of utility operation – of supportingallutilityapplicationsovermultipledisparatenetworks–toanintegrated network based on the Smart Grid architecture framework developed in this book. The network transformation process must weigh all available alternatives toward optimalnetworkarchitectureanddesignthatissustainableformanyyears(typically between5and20yearsdependingonautility’splanninghorizon). Planning for long-term network transformation described in this book is based on reasonable assumptions on future developments in new network technologies, Preface ix Chapter 1: Introduction to Smart Grids Chapter 2:E Chapter 4:C Choanpvteenrt i5on: aSlm Aaprpt liGcaritdio Anpsp inlic Uattiiolitnys Operations Chapter 3: E le le m m e Chapter 6: A Communication Network Architecture for the Smart Grid e n n ts ts o o f P f N o Chapter 7: An Overview of Smart Grid Network Design Process e we tw r o S rk ys in tem Chapter 8: Network Security g fo s fo r Po r N Chapter 9: WAN and FAN Technologies for the Smart Grid we e r tw S o ys rkin Chapter 10: Smart Grid Data Management tem g s P P ra ra c c titio Chapter 11: Communication Network Transformation titio n n e e rs rs Chapter 12: Future of Smart Grid Communication Networks Interdependenceofthebookchapters their availability to the utility in its service area, possibilities of using networking servicesfromnetworkserviceproviders,andcosts.Whilesomeofthesefuturistic elements and traits were considered in earlier chapters, a more focused discussion ispresentedinChap.12. Interdependenceofchaptersofthebookareshowninthefigureatthetop. Readers of each chapter will benefit from the material covered in the previous chapters. Power system professionals may skip Chap. 2 or skim through it. Similarly, communication networking professionals may skip Chap. 3 or skim throughit.ReaderswithasignificantbackgroundinSmartGridandcommunication networking,orwithaninterestinthespecifictopicscovered,maydirectlyproceed toChaps.9,10,or11afterskimmingthroughearlierchapters. MurrayHill,NJ,USA KennethC.Budka JayantG.Deshpande MarinaThottan