Communication in Investigative and Legal Contexts Wiley Series in The Psychology of Crime, Policing and Law Series Editors Graham M. Davies1 and Ray Bull2 1 University of Leicester, UK 2 University of Derby, UK The Wiley Series in the Psychology of Crime, Policing and Law publishes concise and integrative reviews on important emerging areas of contemporary research. The purpose of the series is not merely to present research findings in a clear and readable form but also to bring out their implications for both practice and policy. In this way, it is hoped the series will not only be useful to psychologists but also to all those concerned with crime detection and prevention, policing and the judicial process. For other titles in this series please see www.wiley.com/go/pcpl Communication in Investigative and Legal Contexts Integrated Approaches from Forensic Psychology, Linguistics and Law Enforcement Edited by Gavin Oxburgh, Trond Myklebust, Tim Grant and Rebecca Milne This edition first published 2016 © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd Registered Office John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK Editorial Offices 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148‐5020, USA 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services, and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com/wiley‐blackwell. 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Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data Communication in investigative and legal contexts : integrated approaches from forensic psychology, linguistics and law enforcement / edited by Gavin Oxburgh, Trond Myklebust, Tim Grant & Rebecca Milne. pages cm. – (Wiley series in the psychology of crime, policing and law) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-118-76923-2 (cloth) – ISBN 978-1-118-76922-5 (pbk.) 1. Police questioning. 2. Interviewing in law enforcement. 3. Communication in law enforcement. 4. Examination of witnesses. 5. Forensic psychology. I. Oxburgh, Gavin. HV8073.3.C66 2015 363.25′4–dc23 2015019936 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Cover image: © parema / Getty Images Set in 10/12pt NewCenturySchlbk by SPi Global, Pondicherry, India 1 2016 Contents Notes on Editors ix Notes on Contributors xi Series Preface xxiii 1 Communication in Investigative and Legal Settings: Introduction and Contexts 1 Gavin Oxburgh, Trond Myklebust, Tim Grant and Rebecca Milne SECTION I: Communication, Language and Memory 15 2 Exploring Types and Functions of Questions in Police Interviews 17 Tim Grant, Jennifer Taylor, Gavin Oxburgh and Trond Myklebust 3 Recall, Verbatim Memory and Remembered Narratives 39 James Ost, Alan Scoboria, Tim Grant and Gary Pankhurst SECTION II: C ommunicating with Victims and Witnesses 55 4 Interviewing Child Witnesses 57 David La Rooy, Georgina Heydon, Julia Korkman and Trond Myklebust vi Contents 5 Interviewing Adult Witnesses and Victims 79 Coral J. Dando, R. Edward Geiselman, Nicci MacLeod and Andy Griffiths 6 The Role of Initial Witness Accounts within the Investigative Process 107 Fiona Gabbert, Lorraine Hope, Elisabeth Carter, Roel Boon and Ronald Fisher SECTION III: Communicating with Suspects 133 7 Interviewing Suspected Offenders 135 Gavin Oxburgh, Ivar Fahsing, Kate Haworth and J. Pete Blair 8 A (Nearly) 360° Perspective of the Interrogation Process: Communicating with High‐Value Targets 159 Fadia M. Narchet, Melissa B. Russano, Steven M. Kleinman and Christian A. Meissner SECTION IV: C ommunicating in the Courtroom 179 9 Courtroom Questioning and Discourse 181 Emily Henderson, Christopher Heffer and Mark Kebbell 10 Expert Witness Communication 209 Lorna Fadden and Lawrence M. Solan SECTION V: S pecific Communicative Tasks 229 11 Hostage and Crisis Negotiation, Perspectives on an Interactive Process 231 Ole Andre Braten, Michel St‐Yves, Terry D. Royce and Marty Laforest 12 Verbal Lie Detection 259 Aldert Vrij, Paul Taylor and Isabel Picornell 13 Vulnerable Individuals, Intermediaries and Justice 287 Brendan M. O’Mahony, Ruth Marchant and Lorna Fadden 14 The Interpreter‐Mediated Police Interview 315 Yvonne Fowler, Martin Vaughan and Jacqueline Wheatcroft Contents vii SECTION VI: Conclusions and Future 335 15 Improving Communicative Practice: Beyond the Cognitive Interview for Adult Eyewitnesses 337 Nina J. Westera and Martine Powell 16 Communication in Forensic Contexts: Future Directions and Conclusions 359 Trond Myklebust, Gavin Oxburgh, Tim Grant and Rebecca Milne Index 367