Lakshman Chandra De, Promila Pathak, A.N. Rao, P.K. Rajeevan Commercial Orchids Unauthenticated Download Date | 4/5/15 10:48 AM Unauthenticated Download Date | 4/5/15 10:48 AM Lakshman Chandra De, Promila Pathak, A.N. Rao, P.K. Rajeevan Commercial Orchids Managing Editor: Magdalena Golachowska Language Editor: Emefa Monu Unauthenticated Download Date | 4/5/15 10:48 AM Published by De Gruyter Open Ltd, Warsaw/Berlin Part of Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Munich/Boston This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 license, which means that the text may be used for non-commercial purposes, provided credit is given to the author. For details go to http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/. Copyright © 2014 Lakshman Chandra De, Promila Pathak, A.N. Rao, P.K. Rajeevan ISBN (paperback): 978-3-11-042638-0 ISBN (hardcover): 978-3-11-042638-0 e-ISBN: 978-3-11-042640-3 Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche National - bibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de. Managing Editor: Magdalena Golachowska Language Editor: Emefa Monu www.degruyteropen.com Cover illustration: © Lakshman Chandra De Unauthenticated Download Date | 4/5/15 10:48 AM Contents 1 Introduction  1 2 Global Orchid Industry  13 2.1 Global Orchid Trade  13 2.2 Trend in Growth  16 2.2.1 Cymbidium  16 2.2.2 Dendrobium  16 2.2.3 Phalaenopsis   17 2.2.4 Other Tropical Orchids  18 3 Biodiversity, Conservation and Bio-piracy of Genetic Resources in India  20 3.1 Region Wise Distribution of Orchids  20 3.1.1 Eastern Himalayas and North-Eastern India  20 3.1.1.1 Endemic Orchids  20 3.1.2 North-Western Himalayas  22 3.1.3 Peninsular India   23 3.1.4 Andaman & Nicobar Islands  29 3.2 Conservation of Orchid Genetic Resources  29 3.2.1 Legislative Measures of Conservation  29 3.2.2 In Situ Conservation  30 3.2.2.1 Biosphere Reserve   30 3.2.2.2 National Parks  31 3.2.2.3 Sacred Groves  31 3.2.2.4 Gene Sanctuary  31 3.2.2.5 Individual Trees  31 3.2.3 Ex situ Conservation   33 3.2.3.1 Field Gene Banks  34 3.2.3.2 Botanical Gardens  34 3.2.3.3 Herbal Gardens  34 3.2.3.4 Orchid Seed Gene Bank  34 3.2.3.5 In vitro Conservation  35 3.2.3.6 Cryo-preservation  35 3.3 Bio-piracy  35 3.3.1 Legal Regime Pertaining to Biodiversity and Bio-piracy  36 3.3.1.1 International Law  36 3.3.1.2 Convention on Biological Diversity (1994)  36 3.3.1.3 Cartagena Protocol (2003)  37 Unauthenticated Download Date | 4/5/15 10:48 AM 3.3.1.4 Nagoya Protocol (2010)  37 3.3.1.5 CITES 1972  37 3.3.2 Traditional Knowledge (TK) Bio-piracy  37 3.3.2.1 Collection and Use  37 3.3.2.2 Patenting  38 3.3.3 Genetic Resource Bio-piracy  38 3.3.3.1 Collection and Use  38 3.3.3.2 Patenting  38 3.3.4 Measures of Bio-piracy in Some Orchids  38 4 Morphological and Molecular Characterization of Valuable species  40 4.1 Cymbidium, Dendrobium and Vanda  40 4.1.1 Subject  40 4.1.2 Plant Material Required   40 4.1.3 Conduct of Tests   41 4.1.4 Methods and Observations   41 4.1.5 Grouping of Varieties  42 4.1.6 Characteristics and Symbols  42 4.1.7 Explanations on the Table of Characteristics   53 4.2 Phalaenopsis (PVJ, Nov, 2012)   53 4.2.1 Subject   53 4.2.2 Plant Material Required  54 4.2.3 Conduct of Test  54 4.2.4 Methods and Observations  54 4.2.5 Grouping of Varieties   55 4.2.6 Characteristics and Symbols  55 4.2.7 Explanation on the Table of Characteristics  78 4.2.7.1 Guidelines for Recording the Observations of Vegetative and Flowering Characteristics  78 4.2.7.2 Explanation for Individual Characteristics   78 4.3 Cattleya Lindl. (PVJ, Nov, 2012)  83 4.3.1 Subject   83 4.3.2 Plant Material Required  83 4.3.3 Conduct of Test  83 4.3.4 Methods and Observations  84 4.3.5 Grouping of Varieties   84 4.3.6 Characteristics and Symbols  85 4.3.7 Explanation on the Table of Characteristics  97 4.3.7.1 Guidelines for Recording the Observations of Vegetative and Flowering Characteristics  97 4.3.7.2 Explanation for Individual Characteristics   97 4.4 Molecular Characterization of Valuable Species  100 4.4.1 Isozyme Analysis  100 Unauthenticated Download Date | 4/5/15 10:48 AM 4.4.2 DNA Finger Printing  100 4.4.2.1 Classical Hybridization Based Finger Printing  100 4.4.2.2 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Based Finger Printing  100 4.4.2.2.1 RAPD (Randomly Amplified Polymorhic DNA)  101 4.4.2.2.2 SPAR (Single SSR Primer Amplification Reaction)  101 4.4.2.2.3 DAF (DNA Amplification Fingerprinting)   101 4.4.2.2.4 AP-PCR (Arbitrary Primed Polymerase Chain Reaction)  101 4.4.2.2.5 RAMPO (Randomly Amplified Microsatellite Polymorphisms)  101 4.4.2.2.6 AFLP (Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism)  101 4.4.2.2.7 ISSR (Inter Simple Sequence Repeat Markers)   101 4.4.2.2.8 Mitochondrial Analysis  102 4.4.2.3 Uses of DNA Finger Printing  102 5 Breeding Approaches for Improved Genotypes  103 5.1 Cytogenetics  103 5.2 Pollination and Fertilization   103 5.3 Natural Hybridization  104 5.4 Artificial Hybridization  105 5.4.1 Bigeneric Hybrids  105 5.4.2 Trigeneric Hybrids   106 5.4.3 Tetrageneric Hybrids  107 5.4.4 Pentageneric Hybrids  107 5.4.5 Hexageneric Hybrids  107 5.5 Mutagenesis  107 5.6 Breeding Objectives  108 5.7 Selection of Parents  108 5.8 Compatibility Analysis  109 5.9 Breeding of Hybrids  109 5.9.1 Cattleya   109 5.9.2 Cymbidium  110 5.9.3 Dendrobium  111 5.9.4 Odontoglossum   112 5.9.5 Oncidium  112 5.9.6 Paphiopedilum  113 5.9.7 Phalaenopsis  113 5.9.8 Vanda  114 5.10 Polyploidy Breeding  115 5.11 Genetic Engineering   116 6 Production of Quality Planting Materials  118 6.1 Division  118 6.2 Back Bulbs  118 Unauthenticated Download Date | 4/5/15 10:48 AM 6.3 Cuttings   118 6.4 Air layering   119 6.5 Keiki  119 6.6 Aerial Shoots  120 6.7 Tubers  120 6.8 Tissue Culture  120 6.8.1 Shoot Tip Culture  121 6.8.2 Meristem –tip Culture  121 6.9 Seed Culture  121 6.9.1 Flasking and Reflasking of Protocorms   122 6.9.2 Composting and Repotting Seedlings  123 6.10 Production of Disease Free Planting Materials Through Micro- Propagation  123 7 Physiology of Temperate and Tropical Orchids  124 7.1 Leaves   124 7.2 Stem and Roots   125 7.2.1 Monopodial  125 7.2.2 Sympodial  125 7.2.3 Terrestrial orchids  125 7.3 Flower   125 7.4 Pollination  126 7.5 Fruits and Seeds  127 7.6 Photosynthesis  127 7.6.1 C-Photosynthesis  127 3 7.6.2 C -Photosynthesis:  127 4 7.6.3 Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM)  127 7.7 CO Enrichment and Orchid Growth  128 2 7.7.1 Practical Aspects of CO Enrichment  128 2 7.8 Growth Physiology Stages in Cymbidium Orchids  129 7.8.1 Stage I: Flower Bud Initiation in the New Growth   129 7.8.2 Stage II: Flower Spike Initiation   130 7.8.3 Stage III: Spike Elongation and Blooming   131 7.9 Conclusions & Extensions  131 7.10 Orchid Pseudobulbs – A Genuine Importance in Orchid Growth and Survival  132 7.10.1 Pseudobulbs – As Water Storage Organs  132 7.10.2 Pseudobulbs – As Mineral Storage Organs  133 7.10.3 Pseudobulb Photosynthesis  133 7.10.4 Pseudobulbs – as Carbohydrate Storage Organs  134 7.10.5 The Absence of a ‘Flag’ Leaf’ – an Apparent Anomaly Due to the Pseudobulb  135 7.10.6 Pseudobulbs and Myrmecophily  135 Unauthenticated Download Date | 4/5/15 10:48 AM 8 Climate Change and its Impact on Orchid Productivity  138 8.1 Impact of Climate Change (Mitchell and Tanner, 2006)  138 8.1.1 Agriculture  138 8.1.2 Water Resources  138 8.1.3 Forests   139 8.1.4 Biodiversity  139 8.1.5 Weather Extremes  139 8.1.6 Sea Levels and Coastal Areas  139 8.1.7 Human Population  139 8.1.8 Human Health  139 8.2 Actions  140 8.3 Challenges   141 8.3.1 Biodiversity and Conservation   141 8.3.2 Genetic Improvement  142 8.3.3 Frontier Science Technologies In Orchid Research and Development   142 8.3.4 Management of Natural Resources  143 8.3.5 Post Harvest and Value Addition  143 8.3.6 Bio-Risk Management  143 8.3.7 Policies  144 8.3.8 Transfer of Technology  144 8.4 Impact Assessment  144 9 Production Technology of Commercial Epiphytic Orchids for Cut flowers  149 9.1 Cymbidium (Orchidaceae)  149 9.1.1 Introduction  149 9.1.2 Botanical Description  149 9.1.3 Classification  150 9.1.4 World Scenario  150 9.1.5 Importance and Uses  151 9.1.5.1 Cut flowers  151 9.1.5.2 Potted Plants  151 9.1.5.3 Hanging Baskets  152 9.1.5.4 Herbal Medicines  152 9.1.5.5 Stylish Packaging   152 9.1.6 Varieties (De, 2014)  152 9.1.7 Growing Requirements  153 9.1.7.1 Light  153 9.1.7.2 Temperature  153 9.1.7.3 Propagation  153 9.1.7.4 Watering  154 9.1.7.5 Relative Humidity   154 Unauthenticated Download Date | 4/5/15 10:48 AM