Bulletin ofZoologicalNomenclature 52(2)June 1995 183 catalogedasB. okellyimallthemaincollections, includingthoseofthe United States National Museum and the Museum ofComparative Zoology at Harvard. In Europe B. okellyi was in use for 45 years until Disney (1982) introduced the nameBorophagasubsultansin the phoridae, despitethelongandextensiveinterpret- ation ofsubsultans as being a name in the sphaeroceridae (for over a century in Borborusand, afterRichards(1930), in Sphaewcera). Hedidthisonlyonthebasisof the Linnean Societyspecimen, whichmayormay not beoriginal. Disneyarguesthat the major recent literature in Europe (his own publications) uses B. subsultans and that further change should be avoided. We must weigh a European change versus a North Americanchange. Sinceokellyihas been in the European phorid literaturefor 32 years longer than subsultans I prefer Borophaga okellyi as the valid name ofthis species. There remains, too, the fact that most literature references to subsultans are in the sphaerocerid sense. Additional references Borgmeier, T. 1963. Revision ofthe North American phorid flies. Part 1. The Phorinae, the Aenigmatiinae and Metopininae. except Megaseliu. Sludia Eiuomologica. 6: 1-256. Schmitz, H. & Beyer, E. 1965. Family Phoridae. In Stone. A., Sabrosky, C.W.. Wirth. W.W., Foote,R.H.&Coulson,J.R. (Eds.),A catalogoftheDipteraofAmericaNorthofMexico. U.S. Government PrintingOffice, Washington, D.C. Comment on the proposed conservation of Hydromantes Gistel, 1848 (Amphibia, Caudata) by the designation ofSalamandra geneiTemminck & Schlegel, 1838 as the type species (Case 2868; see BZN 50: 219-223; 51: 149-153) Alain Dubois Laboratoire des Reptiles et Amphibiens. Museum nationald'Histoire naturelle. 25 rue Cuvier. 75005 Paris, France 1. A rapid reading ofthe comments published in BZN 51: 149-153 may give an impression ofsimple universal agreement among their authors for the proposal by Smith&Wake(BZN50: 219-223). Carefulreadingshowsthatthisimpressionwould bewrong. In fact thecommentscan beclassed in two groups. Some express the view that the name Hydromantes should be maintained in the sense understood by Dunn (1923), i.e. for the European species Hydromantes italicus Dunn, 1923, Salamandra geneiTemminck&Schlegel, 1838,andspeciesconsideredtobecongenericwiththem. Thisviewdoesnot infringe taxonomic freedom: it leavesindividual biologists free to decide whether related American species should be placed in the same genus or whether they should be in a distinct genus, ofwhich the valid name is Hydroman- toides Lanza & Vanni, 1981 (type species Spelerpesplatycephalus Camp, 1916). 2. The second attitude is very different. It is based on the view that the American species should not be placed in a separate genus, and that the name Hydromantes should be retained forboth themand the European species forwhich thevalidname Speleomantes Dubois, 1984 exists. According to this view neither Hydromantoides norSpeleomcmtesareacceptablenames. Weare here farfrom thebasicprinciplethat the Code should never restrict 'the freedom of taxonomic thought or action" 184 Bulletin ol'Zoological Nomenclature52(2)June 1995 (Preamble, pp. 2, 3). I amnotconvinced that theremark by Hilhs(BZN 51: 152) that the action proposed by Smith & Wake does not "impinge upon the debate over the content o{Hydromantes' is right: it is not borneout by some ofthe othercomments. In the name of'stability ofnomenclature', will taxonomic revisions in the future be prevented because ofthe "pointless task" (Jennings, BZN 51: 149) ofchanging names in collections and popular books?There are numerouszoological groups which were for long believed to be a single taxon but which are now known to consist ofmany, and the numberoflabels which have had to bechanged is vastly greater than in the case of the poorly studied group of newts here under discussion. The attitude exemplified by the comment of Jennings gives support to those who think that taxonomy is old-fashioned, that everything is known about biodiversity, and that therefore no funds are necessary for this part ofbiology. 3. One point deserves a special comment, since it is ofwider relevance than this particularcase. Themembers ofthe Commissioncannot have detailed knowledge of the taxonomy and nomenclature of all groups, and in resolving the many cases submitted tothemhavethedutyoflookingat theproperuseofthegeneral principles of nomenclature. Unavoidably, they have to rely for factual details on the infor- mation provided by specialists in the applications and comments published in the Bulletin. It is vital, therefore, that authors should take great care to avoid giving a misleading impression. It is an important part of the argument by Smith & Wake (see BZN 50: 221, para. 7) and some of their supporters (Jennings, BZN 51: 149; Cook, 51: 152; Stebbins, 51: 153) that "subsequent authors have not adopted Dubois's (1984) nomenclature'. Unfortunately this statement is simply not true, as can be easily seen by inspection of the Zoological Record. The truth is that there has been a progressive adoption ofthis taxonomy and nomenclature by specialists of this group of amphibians, as shown by the following data. I have given the Commission Secretariat a list of references which documents that, in the period 1985-1987, there were 9 uses of the name Hydromaiites for the European species against I of Speleomantes; in 1988-1990, 10 of Hydiomantes against 4 of Speleo- mantes; in 1991-1993, 5 of Hydromantes against 8 of Speleomantes. The papers using Speleomantes had a total of 23 authors. These data are not exhaustive (especially after June 1993, the last month covered by the published issues of the Zoological Record for amphibians), but they show a clear trend. They refute the misleading statement by Smith & Wake, and on the contrary show that we are now in the transition period which occurs in every similar case of nomenclatural change (be this due to nomenclatural or to taxonomic causes). Examination ofthe papers mentioned above shows that the authors who have adopted the nomen- clatural change are mostly zoologists involved in faunistic and taxonomic works, while those who did not make the change were working on physiological, anatomical and other biological aspects where taxonomy and nomenclature are of less immediate interest. It is noteworthy that among the works where the new (and correct) nomenclature was adopted there are four important books on European herpetology (Castanet & Guyetant. 1989; Delaugerre & Cheylan, 1992; Nollert & Nollert, 1992; Stumpel-Rienks, 1992); the last of these is published under the auspices of the Societas Europea Herpetologica and is part of a series of major reference books (Handhuch der Amphihien und Reptilien Europas, edited by Wolfgang Bohme). Bulletin ofZoological Nomenclature 52(2)June 1995 185 4. Hydrvnianle.sGisteh 1848 isa replacement namefor Geotriion Bonaparte. 1832, and consequently both the genera have as type the nominal species Salamandra exigua Laurenti, 1768; however, as documented by Dubois (1984), this type fixation was based on misidentification by Bonaparte of the taxonomic species later called Hydromantes italicus Dunn, 1923. This species, which is the type species of Speleonumtes. belongs to the plethodontidae. in which family Hydromantes has always been used, whereas Scdanumdra exigua belongs to the salamandridae. 5. Whatevertheeventual rulingon thiscase, theOpinion should specify thestatus of the name Geuiriion, which was used for 91 years in many publications, before Hydromantes was resurrected by Dunn (1923) on mistaken grounds. As I have pointed out before (Dubois, 1984), there is no need for Commission action in the present case; the names Hydromuntoides Lanza & Vanni, 1981 and Speleomantes Dubois, 1984exist and and have been in recent valid usage. Thosewho wish to place the American and European species in one genus can use the former name. Rather than change the type species ofHydromantes, it would be much more logical forthe Commission (ifaction by it were necessary) to conserve the name Geotriton, which wasclearly created by Bonaparte (1832) for the animals in question, was used by all authors for nearly a century, and ofwhich the name Hydromantes is nothing but a replacement name, i.e. a junior objective synonym. Moreover, in Italy, the only European country rich in populations ofthese rare newts, this genus is still known under the vernacular name "geotritone'. Geotriton reflects much more accurately the terrestrial and cavernicolous characteristics of this group than does the totally inappropriate name Hydromantes. 6. I mustconfessthat, in all that hasbeenwrittenabout thiscase, I havehadsome sympathy for a single argument in favour of the conservation of the name Hydromantes; it isthefactthatthisnameisusedtodenotetheseanimalsinsomelists ofthreatened and protected species. But the Commission should carefully consider thegeneralconsequences ofaccepting thisargument. It could lead to the 'protection' of names which are threatened not for nomenclatural reasons but because of a taxonomic reassessmentofthegroupsinvolved. Shouldzoologistsaccepta limitation of their taxonomic freedom in order not to disturb the stability of 'official" lists of animals in computer databases, conservation texts, and so on? This is contrary to a basic principle ofthe Code. Even in the present case the argument is being used to rejectthe recognition ofa separategenus(Hydromuntoides)fortheAmerican species, though there are biological reasons for separating them from the European group (i.e. Speleomantes, or Hydromantes ifSmith & Wake's proposed type designation is accepted). Behind the rather insignificant case ofthis relatively little studied group thereareat stakegeneral 'philosophical" questions ofzoological nomenclaturewhich the Commission should consider before voting on the application. 7. In the past 15 years 1 have surveyed most of the existing literature on the nomenclatureofamphibians, from 1758andevenbefore; 1doubt ifanyoneelseliving has studied as many old books and papers with the aim of stabilizing the nomenclature ofthis group ofanimals. I have found a rather low number ofcases where thecurrent nomenclature was clearly wrong. In some ofthese cases I resolved the problems 'by myself, that is through the normal provisions ofthe Code. When I discovered the Hydromantes problem in 1984 I did consider referring it to the Commission, but I realized that it would probably suffer the same destiny as some 186 BulletinofZoological Nomenclature 52(2)June 1995 Others that I had already submitted and that the problem would be likely to remain unsolved for years. I therefore decided (Dubois, 1984) simply to follow the Code in this case. Experience shows that this may be the quickest and most efficient course; nevertheless I am grateful to Smith & Wake for raising this case now. Additional references Castanet, J. & Cuyetant, R. (Eds.). 1989. Alius tie reparlilion des amphibiens el repliles de Frame. 191 pp. Societe Herpetologique de France, Paris. Delaugerre, M, & Chcylan, M, 1992. Alias de reparliliun des balraciens el reptiles de Corse. 128 pp. Pare Naturel Regional de Corse et Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes. Comments on the proposed conservation ofLycognathophis Boulenger, 1893 (Reptilia, Serpentes) (Case 2877; see BZN 51: 330-331) (1) Hidetoshi Ota Tropical Biosphere Research Center and Department ofBiology, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara. Okinawa 903-1. Japan I am in full support of the proposal to conserve the name Lycognathophis Boulenger, 1893 by suppressingScopelophis Fitzinger, 1843. The latternamehas not been used even since Dowling (1990) pointed out its priority. Although Dowling implied that Lycognathophis had been little used, it has actually been employed for over a century for L. seychellensis (Schlegel, 1837), the only endemic snake in the Seychelles. The resurrection of Scopelophis would be seriously confusing both to snake systematists and to biogeographers ofthe Seychelles. (2) Ronald A. Nussbaum Department ofHerpetology, Museum ofZoology, UniversityofMichigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1079, U.S.A. Conservation of Lycognathophis Boulenger, 1893 is fullyjustified; the alternative name Scopelophis Fitzinger, 1843 was published without any diagnosis and has not been usedatall. InrevivingScopelophis. DowlingdescribedthenameLycognathophis asbeingmisleading, sinceitimpliesthatthisnatricinesnakeisalycodontine, butthis has no bearing: many generic names are misleading to some extent. (3) Edmond V. Malnate The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 19th cmd the Parkway. Logan Square, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103, U.S.A. I urge the Commission to accept this application. To my knowledge the species involved has not been associated with any generic name other than Lycognathophis. Fitzinger's nameclearly has priority but the issue is stability ofnomenclature; under Article 79c ofthe Code an exception to priority is warranted. (4) Support for the application has also been received from Professor Edwin L. Bell (Albright College. Reading. Penn.sylvania 19612-5234. U.S.A.) and Drs A. Dale I