Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa ≠ EDICT OF GOVERNMENT ± In order to promote public education and public safety, equal justice for all, a better informed citizenry, the rule of law, world trade and world peace, this legal document is hereby made available on a noncommercial basis, as it is the right of all humans to know and speak the laws that govern them. COMESA 244 (2006) (English): Leather - Physical and mechanical tests - Determination of surface coating thickness COMESA HARMONISED COMESA/DHS STANDARD 244:2005 Leather - Physical and mechanical tests - Determination of surface coating thickness REFERENCE: DHS 244: 2005 Foreword The Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) was established in 1994 as a regional economic grouping consisting of 20 member states after signing the co-operation Treaty. In Chapter 15 of the COMESA Treaty, Member States agreed to co-operate on matters of standardisation and Quality assurance with the aim of facilitating the faster movement of goods and services within the region so as to enhance expansion of intra-COMESA trade and industrial expansion. Co-operation in standardisation is expected to result into having uniformly harmonised standards. Harmonisation of standards within the region is expected to reduce Technical Barriers to Trade that are normally encountered when goods and services are exchanged between COMESA Member States due to differences in technical requirements. Harmonized COMESA Standards are also expected to result into benefits such as greater industrial productivity and competitiveness, increased agricultural production and food security, a more rational exploitation of natural resources among others. COMESA Standards are developed by the COMESA experts on standards representing the National Standards Bodies and other stakeholders within the region in accordance with international procedures and practices. Standards are approved by circulating Final Draft Harmonized Standards (FDHS) to all member states for a one Month vote. The assumption is that all contentious issues would have been resolved during the previous stages or that an international or regional standard being adopted has been subjected through a development process consistent with accepted international practice. COMESA Standards are subject to review, to keep pace with technological advances. Users of the COMESA Harmonized Standards are therefore expected to ensure that they always have the latest version of the standards they are implementing. This COMESA standard is technically identical to ISO 17186:2002, Leather -- Physical and mechanical tests -- Determination of surface coating thickness A COMESA Harmonized Standard does not purport to include all necessary provisions of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application. INTERNATIONAL ISO STANDARD 17186 IULTCS/IUP 41 First edition 2002-12-15 Leather — Physical and mechanical tests — Determination of surface coating thickness Cuir — Essais physiques et mécaniques — Détermination de l’épaisseur du revêtement de surface Reference number ISO 17186:2002(E) IULTCS/IUP 41 © ISO 2002 ISO 17186:2002(E) PDF disclaimer This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobe's licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing. In downloading this file, parties accept therein the responsibility of not infringing Adobe's licensing policy. The ISO Central Secretariat accepts no liability in this area. Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated. Details of the software products used to create this PDF file can be found in the General Info relative to the file; the PDF-creation parameters were optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below. © ISO 2002 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISO's member body in the country of the requester. ISO copyright office Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail [email protected] Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland ii © ISO 2002 – All rights reserved ISO 17186:2002(E) Contents Page Foreword.....................................................................................................................................................................iv 1 Scope..............................................................................................................................................................1 2 Normative references....................................................................................................................................1 3 Principle..........................................................................................................................................................1 4 Apparatus.......................................................................................................................................................1 5 Sampling and sample preparation...............................................................................................................1 6 Procedure.......................................................................................................................................................2 7 Expression of results....................................................................................................................................4 8 Test report......................................................................................................................................................4 © ISO 2002 – All rights reserved iii ISO 17186:2002(E) Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 17186 was prepared by the Physical Test Commission of the International Union of Leather Technologists and Chemists Societies (IUP Commission, IULTCS) in collaboration with the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) Technical Committee CEN/TC 289, Leather, the secretariat of which is held by UNI, in accordance with the Agreement on technical cooperation between ISO and CEN (Vienna Agreement). It is based on IUP 41 which was published in J. Soc. Leather Tech. Chem. 84, p. 389, (2000) and confirmed as an official method in March 2001. iv © ISO 2002 – All rights reserved INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 17186:2002(E) Leather — Physical and mechanical tests — Determination of surface coating thickness 1 Scope This International Standard specifies a method for determining the thickness of the surface coating applied to leather when measured under zero compression. It is applicable to all types of leather. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 2418 Leather - Chemical, physical and mechanical and fastness tests – Sampling location ISO 2419 Leather - Physical and mechanical tests - Sample preparation and conditioning 3 Principle A section of leather is taken perpendicular to the coated surface. The thickness of the surface coating is measured using a microscope and expressed both as a thickness and as a percentage to the total thickness. 4 Apparatus 4.1 Light microscope or scanning electron microscope, capable of giving a magnification of at least 15 times and fitted with either a means of taking photographs or a graduated scale capable of measuring to at least 0,01 mm. 4.2 Razor blade, if the microscope illuminates from above or a scanning electron microscope is used. 4.3 Microtome, if the microscope illuminates from below. 4.4 Cork, or similar material, to hold the leather while it is sectioned, if a microtome is used. 4.5 Grid, reading to at least 0,01 mm and suitable for use in the microscope or scanning electron microscope used. 4.6 Coating unit, sputter or evaporation including gold or gold-palladium alloy for coating, if scanning electron microscope is used. 4.7 Specimen stubs, suitable for scanning electron microscope. 5 Sampling and sample preparation 5.1 Sample in accordance with ISO 2418. Condition in accordance with ISO 2419. © ISO 2002 – All rights reserved 1 ISO 17186:2002(E) 5 .2 Cut three test pieces approximately 10 mm square. Section each of the three test pieces as described in 5.3 or 5.4. NOTE If there is a requirement for more than two hides or skins to be tested in one batch, then only one test piece need be taken from each hide or skin, provided that the overall total is not less than three pieces. 5.3 Place the cutting edge of the razor blade (4.2) on the coated surface with the blade perpendicular to the coated surface and press the blade through the whole thickness of the leather ensuring that the blade remains vertical. NOTE 1 It is recommended that a new razor blade is used for each section. NOTE 2 A section made as in 5.3 is suitable for examination under a microscope illuminated from above or by scanning electron microscopy. 5.4 Place the leather between two pieces of cork or other suitable material (4.4) and cut a section from it using a microtome (4.3). NOTE A section made as in 5.4 is suitable for examination under a microscope illuminated from below. 6 Procedure 6.1 Measurement using light microscope fitted with graduated scale. 6.1.1 Calibrate the graduated scale in the microscope (4.1) using the grid (4.5). 6.1.2 Place one section prepared in 5.3 or 5.4 under the microscope. Position the section such that the crosswire or one of the major graduations is aligned with the coating/leather boundary. If the coating/leather boundary undulates position the crosswire or major graduation midway between the peaks and troughs as shown in Figure 1. Either take the reading of the scale graduation corresponding to the outer surface of the coating or realign the crosswire with the outer surface of the coating and note the distance moved. 6.1.3 Measure the total thickness at the same point by positioning the section such that the crosswire or one of the major graduations is aligned with the flesh side of the leather. Either take the reading of the scale graduation corresponding to the outer surface of the coating or realign the crosswire with the outer surface of the coating and note the distance moved. 6.1.4 Convert the readings obtained in accordance with 6.1.2 and 6.1.3 to millimetres using the calibration described in 6.1.1. Express the coating thickness and the total thickness to the nearest 0,01 mm. 6.1.5 Repeat 6.1.2 to 6.1.4 for the two remaining sections. 6.1.6 Calculate the arithmetic mean of the three coating thicknesses and the three total thicknesses. 2 © ISO 2002 – All rights reserved