COLUMBIA LIBRARY COLUMNS MAY 1991 VOL. 40 NO. • 3 CONTRIBUTORS TOTHIS ISSUE Eriko Amino received her doctorate in medieval English literature from Columbia in 1981 working under the directionofW.T H.Jacksonandisnowfree-lancingasa writerandgraphic designer. AmyVladeckHeinrich,HeadofReferenceandResource ServicesattheC.V.StarrEastAsianLibrary, receivedher doctorate in modernJapanese literature from Columbia in 1980. KennethA.LohfisColumbia’sLibrarianforRareBooks and Manuscripts. EneSirvetiseditingtheJohnJay papers. * * * ISSN 0010-1966 Columbia Library Columns VOLUME XXXX MAY 1991 NUMBERS CONTENTS GouverneurMorris’s French Connections Ene Sirvet 3 Lafcadio Hearn inJapan Amy Vladeck Heinrich 13 A Medieval Palmistry ErikoAmino 23 OurGrowingCollections Kenneth A. Lohf 33 Activities ofthe Friends 44 Publishedby the friends of the Columbia libraries Butler Library, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027 Three issues a year GouverneurMorris in Paris in 1789, drawn byEdmeQuenedey and engraved byGilles-Louis Chretien, inventorofthe Physiono- trace, amachine inventedto take portraits in profilefrom life Gouverneur Morris’s French Connections ENE SIRVET T he Rare Book and Manuscript Library has recently acquired aseriesofeightletters, written in 1805-1806, all from New York City’s leading commercial house, LeRoy Bayard & McEvers, to Gouverneur Morris at his estate in the Bronx.TheydealwithlandtransactionsthatMorrishelpedarrange when hewas in Europe between 1788 and 1798. Theletters focus on American lands owned bythe celebratedwriter and intellectual Madame de StaB, her late father, the Swiss-born Erench finance minister and reformerJacques Necker, aswell as the Erench aristo- crat LeRay de Chaumont. Morris (1752-1816), a member of one of New York’s great patroonfamiliesand a 1768 graduateofKing’s College, wasoneof thesmallgroupofmenwhocreatedtheAmericanrepublicbetween 1774and 1809. Hisdistinctivefirst namewas his mother’s maiden name, chosen to honor her Huguenot ancestry. The precocious Gouverneur entered King’s College at the age ofthirteen. At his graduation he gave an oration on wit and beauty, and, alongwith hisB.A. degree, wasawardedasilvermedal bytheCollege’sliterary society. After the usual three-year apprenticeship, Morris was admitted to the bar in 1771. Like most colleges in the colonial and Revolutionary periods. King’s College conferred M.A. degrees on alumni who became lawyers; in 1771, Morris accepted his degree with anorationonlove. (Themanuscriptsofthesecommencement speeches are among the Gouverneur Morris Papers held by the Rare Book and Manuscript Library.) MorrisservedintheNewYorkandtheAmericangovernmentsin the 1770s. Although the youngest delegate to the New York — Convention, he served along with his friends and fellow King’s — College alumniJohnJay and Robert R. Livingston on the com- mittee that drafted the pioneeringNew York State Constitution of 1777. As a New York member of the Continental Congress, he signed the Articles of Confederation in 1777. Thereafter, he was 3 4 Ene Sirvet the innovative assistant to the Confederation’s Superintendent of Finance, Robert Morris. Gouverneur Morris is best remembered, how^ever, as one ofthe principaldelegatesattheFederalConventionof1787. Representing Pennsylvaniainthe Convention, he spoke most often ofanyofthe delegatesandwasrespectedforhislearning, eloquence, andirrever- entwit. Asamemberofthe Convention’s CommitteeofStyleand After representingPennsylvaniaat theFederal Convention of 1787, Morris returned to his ancestral estate, Morrisania, along the Harlem Riverin the Bronx. Arrangement, hedrew upthefinal version ofthe proposed Consti- tution. His colleagues on the committee deferred to Morris in this task and were impressed by the final result, written with restraint and power. Morris’s finest work of constitutional draftsmanship was the stirringPreamble, eloquently settingforth the purposes of theConstitutionandestablishingthatitwasthehandiworkof“We the People ofthe United States.” Following the Federal Convention, Morris concerned himself with renovating Morrisania, his ancestral estate, and in business GouverneurMorriss French Connections 5 activities, in which he manifested a keen sense. In late 1788, he sailed to France to manage the tobacco contract with the Farmers- General forhis partnerRobert Morris, to lookinto purchasingthe American war debt to France, to sell lands he owned in America, and to seek other profitable investments. AtthistimeMorriswasstillabachelor, andhehadsuchareputa- tionasawomanizerthatmanycontemporariesquestionedhismor- als. Backin 1780, when hisleftleghadbeen mutilatedin acarriage accidentandwasamputated, itwascauseforoff-colorremarkseven byhissympatheticbestfriends;thesedateJohnJaywrotefromParis toRobertMorris: “Gouverneur’sleghasbeenaTaxon myHeart. I am almost tempted to wish he had lost something else.” Gouverneur Morris acknowledged he had “a natural taste for pleasure,” so it follows that he also had amorous French connec- tions. For more than threejyears he carried on a love affair with a marriedwoman, Adelaide-EmilieFilleul, comtesse deFlahaut dela Billarderie (1761-1836), wife of Alexandre-Sebastien, comte de Flahaut, born in 1715 and guillotined in 1793. At the same time that the comtesse was dallying with Morris, she was also the mis- tress of the Bishop of Autun, the famed, elegant, and licentious Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand-Perigord (1754-1838), just elected adeputyoftheclergyto theEstatesGeneral. Talleyrand had alame left leg, caused by a fall in infancy, an accident that changed the courseofhislife. Morris’sleftpegleg, however, causednoproblems for its wearer. Morris’s life in Paris was crowded with other activities besides amorous intrigues. Tall, handsome, charming, witty, “peculiarly gifted with fancy and judgment” (asJefferson noted), and knowl- edgeable in French, Morris mingled in thesalonswith the elite and inthesocial, political, and businesscirclesofParis. Therehevisited the Bois de Boulogne, the Tuileries, the Hotel des Invalides, the crowncollectionattheLouvre, theBastille, andthePalaisRoyal; he sawMoliere’sSchoolforHusbandsattheComedieFrangaiseandhad an audience with the king and queen at Versailles obtained by MadamedeFlahaut. Mostimportantofall forlaterscholars, Morris 6 Ene Sirvet wasaneyewitnesstotheopeningstagesoftheFrenchRevolution. He was a keen observer, in his life and his great diary and letters, skillfully interweaving social life with politics and intrigue. Adelai’de-Emilie, comtesse deFlahaut, mistressto Gouverneur Morris and to Talleyrand, with herson fathered by Talleyrand; paintingbyAdelaide-Labille-Guiard, 1785 Morris began his days in Paris by tackling business, diplomacy, and politics at his quarters in the rue de Richelieu, as these typical diary entries attest: SpentthisMorninginExaminationofAccountsbutwithsundry Interruptions. Agree...that the Profits ofthe present Tontine and all subse- quentNegotiationsinthefundedDebtoftheUnitedStatesshallbe . GouverneurMorrisi French Connections 1 .. threefifthsforD[aniel] P[arker]andG[ouverneur]M[orris]and thosewhom they represent. ThisMorningimmediatelyafterBreakfastIgotoseeoneofRam- say’sMachineslatelyinventedfortheApplicationofWatertoMills bycreatingfirst aperpendicularMotion andgeneratingafterwards from thencea rotaryMotion. Afterhe [comtede Luxembourg] leaves me I go to Madame de Stael’s. The Bishop d’Autun is here, and I fix with him to dine at Madame de Flahaut’s with the Marquis de Montesquiou next Friday, forthe purpose ofdiscussingM. Necker’s plan offinance, which isthen to be proposed. In the period before the Terror, Morris drew up a memoire to Marie-Antoinette “on the attitude to adopt” and addressed other proposalstoforeignministerMontmorin, suggestingchangesinthe government and in the proper provisioningofParis with supplies. Fiewrote aspeech forthe kingwith observations on the Constitu- tion and drew up a plan for his escape from Paris. Louis XVI entrusted his money to Morris, who delivered the final balance to the king’s heirs in 1796 in Vienna. Morris’s political philosophy was conservative. Fie favored a strong executive serving for life, urged property qualifications for voting, and distrusted the masses. Fie considered a constitutional monarchy the best government for France. Fiowever, his views on individualhumanrightswereaheadofhistime, andhisadvocacyof the abolition ofslavery was well known. In October 1789, at President Washington’s request, Morris servedasanunofficialagenttoGreatBritain. In 1792 thePresident, although aware ofcongressional opposition to Morris, appointed him ministertoFrance;theSenateconfirmedhim byavoteof16 to 11. By that date, France was at war with Austria; and the French Revolution had succumbed to theTerror, which Morris had earlier predicted: “France is on the high road to despotism. They have madethecommon mistakethat to enjoylibertyit isnecessaryonly toabolishauthority.” Diplomaticmissionsin Pariswereshutdown, butMorrisremainedathispost, providingrefugeforallwhoasked. Fie helped many aristocrats to flee, includingAdelaide de Flahaut. Morris continued to correspond with officials and friends in 8 Ene Sirvet America and with United States consuls and agents abroad, and defendedAmericanneutralityrightsonthehighseas.Apersonanon grata to the revolutionary French government, Morris’s activities hastened his recall in 1794. On October 12 heleft Paris. Hetraveled to Switzerland and met withMadamedeStaHandherfather,JacquesNecker, atthelatter’s Germaine Necker, baronnede Stael, met Morris at herparents’ Paris salon within amonth ofhis arrival in 1789. baronial estate, Coppet, on Lake Geneva. Morris had first met Anne-Louise-Germaine Necker, baronne de Stael (1766-1817) at her parents’ Paris salon within a month ofhis arrival. At twenty- three, the Swiss-born wife of the Swedish ambassador to France wasalreadyrenowned asathinkerandwriter. Morrisdescribedher in his diary: “She seems to be a woman of sense and somewhat masculine in her character, but has very much the appearance ofa chambermaid.’’ To PresidentWashington hewrotethat shewas “a