Color Atlas of Biochemistry Second edition, revised and enlarged Jan Koolman Professor Philipps University Marburg Institute of Physiologic Chemistry Marburg, Germany Klaus-Heinrich Roehm Professor Philipps University Marburg Institute of Physiologic Chemistry Marburg, Germany 215 color plates by Juergen Wirth Thieme Stuttgart · New York IV Library of Congress Cataloging-in- Importantnote:Medicineisanever-changing Publication Data science undergoing continual development. Research andclinicalexperience are continu- ally expanding our knowledge, in particular ourknowledge of proper treatment and drug Thisbookisanauthorizedandupdatedtrans- therapy. Insofar as this book mentions any lation of the 3rd German edition published dosage or application, readers may rest as- and copyrighted 2003 by Georg Thieme Ver- suredthattheauthors,editors,andpublishers lag, Stuttgart, Germany. Title of the German have made every effort to ensure that such edition: Taschenatlas der Biochemie referencesareinaccordancewiththestateof knowledge at the time of production of the book.Nevertheless,thisdoesnotinvolve,im- Illustrator: Juergen Wirth, Professor of Visual ply,orexpressanyguaranteeorresponsibility Communication, University of Applied Scien- onthepartofthepublishersinrespecttoany ces, Darmstadt, Germany dosage instructionsand formsofapplications stated in the book. Everyuser is requested to examine carefully the manufacturers’ leaflets Translator: Michael Robertson, BA DPhil, accompanyingeachdrugandtocheck,ifnec- Augsburg, Germany essary in consultation with a physician or specialist, whether the dosage schedules mentioned therein or the contraindications stated by the manufacturers differ from the 1st Dutch edition 2004 statements made in the present book. 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Thisbook,includingallpartsthereof,islegally Cover design: Cyclus, Stuttgart protectedbycopyright.Anyuse,exploitation, Cover drawing: CAP cAMP bound to DNA orcommercializationoutsidethenarrowlim- Typesetting by primustype Hurler GmbH, its set by copyright legislation, without the Notzingen publisher’s consent, is illegal and liable to Printed in Germany by Appl, Wemding prosecution.Thisappliesinparticulartopho- tostat reproduction, copying, mimeograph- ISBN 3-13-100372-3 (GTV) ing, preparation of microfilms, and electronic ISBN 1-58890-247-1 (TNY) data processing and storage. V About the Authors Jan Koolman (left) was born in Lübeck, Ger- took his doctorate under the supervision of many,andgrewupwiththeseawindblowing FriedhelmSchneider,andhispostdoctoralde- off the Baltic. The high school he attended in greein1980wasintheDepartmentofChem- the Hanseatic city of Lübeck was one that istry.HehasbeenanHonoraryProfessorsince focused on providing a classical education, 1986. His research group is concerned with which left its mark on him. From 1963 to the structure and function of enzymes in- 1969, he studied biochemistry at the Univer- volved in amino acid metabolism. He is mar- sity of Tübingen. He then took his doctorate ried to a biologist and has two children. (inthe discipline ofchemistry) at the Univer- JürgenWirth(center)studiedinBerlinandat sityofMarburg,underthesupervisionofbio- the College of Design in Offenbach, Germany. chemist Peter Karlson. In Marburg, he began Hisstudiesfocusedonfreegraphicsandillus- tostudythebiochemistryofinsectsandother tration,andhisdiplomatopicwas“Thedevel- invertebrates. He took his postdoctoral de- opmentandfunctionofscientificillustration.” gree in 1977 in the field of human medicine, From1963to1977,JürgenWirthwasinvolved and was appointed Honorary Professor in in designing the exhibition space in the 1984. His field of study today is biochemical Senckenberg Museum of Natural History in endocrinology.Hisotherinterestsincludeed- Frankfurt am Main, while at the same time ucationalmethodsinbiochemistry. Heiscur- working as a freelance associate with several rently Dean of Studies in the Department of publishing companies, providing illustrations Medicine in Marburg; he is married to an art for schoolbooks, non-fiction titles, and scien- teacher. tific publications. He has received several Klaus-Heinrich Röhm (right) comes from awards for book illustration and design. In Stuttgart, Germany. After graduating from 1978, he was appointed to a professorship at the School of Protestant Theology in Urach the College of Design in Schwäbisch Gmünd, —another institution specializing in classical Germany,andin1986hebecameProfessorof studies—and following a period working in Design at the Academy of Design in Darm- the field of physics, he took adiplomain bio- stadt, Germany. His specialist fields include chemistry at the University of Tübingen, scientific graphics/information graphics and where the two authors first met. Since 1970, illustration methods. He is married and has he has also worked in the Department of three children. Medicine at the University of Marburg. He VI Preface Biochemistry is a dynamic, rapidly growing elements had to be found that make compli- field, and the goal of this color atlas is to cated phenomena appear tangible. The illustrate this fact visually. The precise boun- graphics were designed conservatively, the daries between biochemistry and related aim being to avoid illustrations that might fields, such as cell biology, anatomy, physiol- look too spectacular or exaggerated. Our ogy, genetics, and pharmacology, are dif cult goal was to achieve a visual and aesthetic to define and, in many cases, arbitrary. This wayofrepresentingscientificfactsthatwould overlap is not coincidental. The object being be simple and at the same time effective for studied is often the same—a nerve cell or a teaching purposes. Use of graphics software mitochondrion, for example—and only the helped to maintain consistency in the use of point of view differs. shapes,colors,dimensions,andlabels,inpar- For a considerable period of its history, bio- ticular. Formulae and other repetitive ele- chemistry was strongly influenced by chem- mentsandstructurescouldbehandledeasily istry and concentrated on investigating met- and preciselywith the assistance of the com- abolic conversions and energy transfers. Ex- puter. plaining the composition, structure, and me- Color-codinghasbeenusedthroughouttoaid tabolism of biologically important molecules thereader,and the keytothisisgivenintwo has alwaysbeen in the foreground. However, special color plates on the front and rear in- new aspects inherited from biochemistry’s sidecovers.Forexample,inmolecularmodels other parent, the biological sciences, are each of the more important atoms has a par- now increasingly being added: the relation- ticularcolor:grayforcarbon,whiteforhydro- ship between chemical structure and biolog- gen, blue for nitrogen, red for oxygen, and so ical function, the pathways of information on. The different classes of biomolecules are transfer, observance of the ways in which also distinguished by color: proteins are al- biomoleculesarespatiallyandtemporallydis- waysshowninbrowntones,carbohydratesin tributedincellsandorganisms,andanaware- violet, lipids inyellow, DNA in blue, and RNA ness of evolution as a biochemical process. in green. In addition, specific symbols are Thesenewaspectsofbiochemistryarebound used for the important coenzymes, such as to become more and more important. ATP and NAD+. The compartments in which Owing to space limitations, we have concen- biochemical processes take place are color- trated here on the biochemistry of humans coded as well. For example, the cytoplasm is and mammals, although the biochemistry of showninyellow,whiletheextracellularspace other animals, plants, and microorganisms is is shaded in blue. Arrows indicating a chem- no less interesting. In selecting the material ical reaction are always black and those rep- for this book, we have put the emphasis on resenting a transport process are gray. subjects relevant to students of human med- In terms of the visual clarity of its presenta- icine.Themainpurposeoftheatlasistoserve tion, biochemistry has still to catch up with asanoverviewandtoprovidevisualinforma- anatomy and physiology. In this book, we tion quickly and ef ciently. Referring to text- sometimesusesimplifiedball-and-stickmod- books can easily fill any gaps. For readers elsinsteadofthe classicalchemicalformulae. encountering biochemistry for the first time, In addition, anumberof compoundsare rep- someoftheplatesmaylookrathercomplex.It resented by space-filling models. In these mustbe emphasized, therefore, thattheatlas cases, we have tried to be as realistic as pos- is not intended as a substitute for a compre- sible. The models of small molecules are hensive textbook of biochemistry. based on conformations calculated by com- As the subject matter is often dif cult to vis- puter-based molecular modeling. In illustrat- ualize, symbols, models, and other graphic ingmacromolecules,weusedstructuralinfor- Preface VII mation obtained by X-ray crystallography We are grateful to many readers for their that is stored in the Protein Data Bank. In comments and valuable criticisms during the naming enzymes, we have followed the of - preparationofthisbook.Ofcourse,wewould cial nomenclature recommended by the also welcome further comments and sugges- IUBMB. For quick identification, EC numbers tionsfromour readers. (in italics) are included with enzyme names. To help students assess the relevance of the material(whilepreparingforanexamination, August 2004 for example), we have included symbols on thetextpagesnexttothesectionheadingsto indicate how important each topic is. A filled Jan Koolman, circle stands for “basic knowledge,” a half- Klaus-Heinrich Röhm filled circle indicates “standard knowledge,” Marburg and an empty circle stands for “in-depth knowledge.” Of course, this classification Jürgen Wirth only reflects our subjective views. Darmstadt Thissecond editionwascarefullyrevised and a significant number of new plates were added to cover new developments. VIII Contents Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Structural proteins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 Globular proteins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 Basics Protein folding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 Molecular models: insulin. . . . . . . . . . . 76 Chemistry Isolation and analysisof proteins . . . . . 78 Periodic table. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Bonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids Molecular structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Bases and nucleotides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Isomerism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 RNA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 Biomolecules I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 DNA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 Biomolecules II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Molecular models: DNA and RNA . . . . . 86 Chemical reactions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Metabolism Physical Chemistry Enzymes Energetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Basics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 Equilibriums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Enzyme catalysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 Enthalpy and entropy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Enzyme kinetics I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 Reaction kinetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Enzyme kinetics II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 Catalysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Inhibitors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 Water asa solvent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Lactate dehydrogenase: structure . . . . . 98 Hydrophobicinteractions. . . . . . . . . . . 28 Lactate dehydrogenase: mechanism . . . 100 Acids and bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Enzymaticanalysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 Redox processes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Coenzymes 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Coenzymes 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 Biomolecules Coenzymes 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 Carbohydrates Activated metabolites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Metabolic Regulation Chemistryof sugars. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Intermediary metabolism . . . . . . . . . . . 112 Monosaccharides and disaccharides . . . 38 Regulatory mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 Polysaccharides: overview . . . . . . . . . . 40 Allosteric regulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 Plant polysaccharides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Transcription control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 Glycosaminoglycans and glycoproteins. 44 Hormonal control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 Lipids Energy Metabolism Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 ATP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 Fatty acids and fats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Energetic coupling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 Phospholipids and glycolipids . . . . . . . 50 Energyconservation at membranes. . . . 126 Isoprenoids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Photosynthesis: light reactions . . . . . . . 128 Steroid structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Photosynthesis: dark reactions . . . . . . . 130 Steroids: overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Molecular models: membrane proteins. 132 Amino Acids Oxoacid dehydrogenases. . . . . . . . . . . . 134 Chemistryand properties. . . . . . . . . . . 58 Tricarboxylicacid cycle: reactions. . . . . 136 Proteinogenicamino acids . . . . . . . . . . 60 Tricarboxylicacid cycle: functions. . . . . 138 Non-proteinogenic amino acids . . . . . . 62 Respiratorychain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 Peptides and Proteins ATP synthesis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 Peptide bonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Respiration and fermentation . . . . . . . . 146 Secondary structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 Fermentations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 Contents IX Carbohydrate Metabolism Endoplasmic Reticulum and Golgi Apparatus Glycolysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 ER: structure and function. . . . . . . . . . 226 Pentose phosphate pathway. . . . . . . . . 152 Protein sorting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228 Gluconeogenesis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 Protein synthesis and maturation . . . . 230 Glycogen metabolism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 Protein maturation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232 Regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 Lysosomes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234 Diabetes mellitus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 Lipid Metabolism Molecular Genetics Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236 Fatty acid degradation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 Genome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238 Minor pathways of fatty acid Replication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 degradation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 Transcription. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242 Fatty acid synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 Transcriptional control . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 Biosynthesis of complex lipids . . . . . . . 170 RNA maturation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246 Biosynthesis of cholesterol . . . . . . . . . . 172 Amino acid activation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 Protein Metabolism Translation I: initiation . . . . . . . . . . . . 250 Protein metabolism: overview . . . . . . . 174 Translation II: elongation and Proteolysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 termination. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 Transamination and deamination . . . . . 178 Antibiotics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 Amino acid degradation . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 Mutation and repair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256 Urea cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 Genetic engineering Amino acid biosynthesis. . . . . . . . . . . . 184 DNA cloning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258 Nucleotide Metabolism DNA sequencing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260 Nucleotide degradation. . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 PCR and protein expression. . . . . . . . . 262 Purine and pyrimidine biosynthesis . . . 188 Genetic engineering in medicine . . . . . 264 Nucleotide biosynthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 Tissues and organs Porphyrin Metabolism Heme biosynthesis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 Digestion Heme degradation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266 Digestive secretions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268 Organelles Digestive processes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270 Resorption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272 Basics Structure of cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 Blood Cell fractionation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 Composition and functions . . . . . . . . . 274 Centrifugation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 Plasma proteins. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276 Cell components and cytoplasm . . . . . . 202 Lipoproteins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278 Hemoglobin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280 Cytoskeleton Gas transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282 Components. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 Erythrocyte metabolism . . . . . . . . . . . 284 Structure and functions . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 Iron metabolism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286 Nucleus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 Acid–base balance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288 Mitochondria Blood clotting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290 Structure and functions . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 Fibrinolysis, blood groups . . . . . . . . . . 292 Transport systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 Immune system Biological Membranes Immune response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294 Structure and components . . . . . . . . . . 214 T-cell activation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296 Functions and composition. . . . . . . . . . 216 Complement system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298 Transport processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 Antibodies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 Transport proteins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 Antibodybiosynthesis. . . . . . . . . . . . . 302 Ion channels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 Monoclonal antibodies, immunoassay . 304 Membrane receptors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224 X Contents Liver Hydrophilic hormones . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380 Functions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306 Metabolism of peptide hormones . . . . . 382 Buffer function in organ metabolism . . 308 Mechanisms of action. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384 Carbohydrate metabolism . . . . . . . . . . 310 Second messengers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386 Lipid metabolism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312 Signal cascades. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388 Bile acids. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314 Other signaling substances Biotransformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316 Eicosanoids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390 Cytochrome P450 systems . . . . . . . . . . 318 Cytokines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392 Ethanol metabolism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320 Kidney Growth and development Functions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322 Cell proliferation Urine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324 Cell cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394 Functions in the acid–base balance. . . . 326 Apoptosis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396 Electrolyte and water recycling . . . . . . 328 Oncogenes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398 Renal hormones. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330 Tumors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400 Muscle Cytostatic drugs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402 Muscle contraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332 Viruses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404 Control of muscle contraction. . . . . . . . 334 Metabolic charts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406 Muscle metabolism I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336 Calvin cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407 Muscle metabolism II. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338 Carbohydrate metabolism. . . . . . . . . . . 408 Connective tissue Biosynthesis of fats and Bone and teeth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340 membrane liquids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409 Calcium metabolism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342 Synthesis of ketone bodies and steroids 410 Collagens. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344 Degradation of fats and phospholipids . 411 Extracellular matrix. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346 Biosynthesis of the essential Brain and Sensory Organs amino acids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412 Signal transmission in the CNS. . . . . . . 348 Biosynthesis of the non-essential Resting potential and action potential. . 350 amino acids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413 Neurotransmitters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352 Amino acid degradation I . . . . . . . . . . . 414 Receptorsfor neurotransmitters. . . . . . 354 Amino acid degradation II. . . . . . . . . . . 415 Metabolism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356 Ammonia metabolism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416 Sight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358 Biosynthesis of purine nucleotides . . . . 417 Biosynthesis of the pyrimidine nucleotides Nutrition and C metabolism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418 1 Nucleotide degradation. . . . . . . . . . . . . 419 Nutrients Organicsubstances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360 Annotated enzyme list . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420 Minerals and trace elements . . . . . . . . 362 Abbreviations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431 Vitamins Quantities and units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433 Lipid-soluble vitamins . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364 Further reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434 Water-soluble vitaminsI . . . . . . . . . . . 366 Water-soluble vitaminsII. . . . . . . . . . . 368 Source credits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437 Hormones Hormonal system Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370 Key to color-coding: Plasma levels and hormone hierarchy. . 372 see front and rear inside covers Lipophilic hormones. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374 Metabolism of steroid hormones . . . . . 376 Mechanism of action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378 Chemistry 1 Introduction This paperback atlas is intended for students The next part presents the reactions of medicine and the biological sciences. It involved in the interconversion of these provides an introduction to biochemistry, compounds—the part of biochemistry that is but with its modular structure it can also be commonly referred to as metabolism used as a reference book for more detailed (pp.88–195). The section starts with a dis- information. The 216 color plates provide cussion of the enzymes and coenzymes, and knowledge in the field of biochemistry, ac- discusses the mechanismsof metabolic regu- companied by detailed information in the lation and the so-called energy metabolism. text on the facing page. The degree of dif - After this, the central metabolic pathways culty of the subject-matter is indicated by arepresented,onceagainarrangedaccording symbols in the text: to the class of metabolite (pp.150–195). The second half of the book begins with a (cid:1) stands for “basic biochemical knowledge” discussion of the functional compartments (cid:2) indicates “standard biochemical knowl- within the cell, the cellular organelles (pp. edge” 196–235). This is followed on pp.236–265 (cid:3) means“specialistbiochemicalknowledge.” by the current field of molecular genetics Some general rules used in the structure of (molecular biology). A further extensive sec- the illustrations are summed up in two ex- tion is devoted to the biochemistry of planatory plates inside the front and back individual tissues and organs (pp.266–359). covers. Keywords, definitions, explanations Here,ithasonlybeenpossibletofocusonthe ofunfamiliarconceptsandchemicalformulas most important organs and organ systems— can be found using the index. The book starts the digestive system, blood, liver, kidneys, with a few basics in biochemistry (pp.2–33). muscles, connective and supportive tissues, There is a brief explanation of the concepts and the brain. and principles of chemistry (pp.2–15). These Other topics include the biochemistry of include the periodic table of the elements, nutrition (pp.360–369), the structure and chemical bonds, the general rules governing function of important hormones (pp. molecularstructure,andthestructuresofim- 370–393), and growth and development portant classes of compounds. Several basic (pp.394–405). conceptsofphysical chemistryare also essen- Thepaperbackatlasconcludeswithaseries tial for an understanding of biochemical of schematic metabolic “charts” (pp. processes. Pages 16–33 therefore discuss the 407–419).Theseplates,whicharenotaccom- various forms of energy and their intercon- panied byexplanatory text apart from abrief version, reaction kinetics and catalysis, the introduction on p.406, show simplified ver- properties of water, acids and bases, and re- sions of the most important synthetic and dox processes. degradative pathways. The charts are mainly Thesebasicconceptsarefollowedbyasec- intended for reference, but they can also be tiononthestructureoftheimportantbiomo- used to review previously learned material. lecules (pp.34–87). This part of the book is The enzymescatalyzing thevariousreactions arranged according to the different classes of areonlyindicatedbytheirECnumbers.Their metabolites.Itdiscussescarbohydrates,lipids, names can be found in the systematically ar- amino acids, peptides and proteins, nucleoti- ranged and annotated enzyme list (pp. des, and nucleicacids. 420–430).