Colonial Latin America r This page intentionally left blank Colonial Latin America MARK A. BURKHOLDER University ofM issouri-St. Louis LYMAN L. JOHNSON University ofN orth Carolina, Charlotte EIGHTH EDITION New York Oxford OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS Oxford University Press, Inc., publishes works that further Oxford University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Nlelbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Copyright © 2012, 2010, 2008, 2006, 2001, 1998, 1994, 1990 by Oxford University Press For titles covered by Section 112 of the US Higher Education Opportunity Act, please visit www.oup.com/us/he for the latest information about pricing and alternate formats. Published by Oxford University Press, Inc. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016 W\\TW.oup.com Oxford is a registered trademark ofO xford University Press All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Burk11older, Mark A., 1943- Colonial Latin America I Mark A. Burkholder, Lyman L. Johnson.-8th ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-19-986588-8 (pbk. : acid-free paper)-ISBN 978-0-19-989088-0 (ebook) l. Latin America-History-To 1830. I. Johnson, Lyman L. II. Title. F1412.B96 2012 980'01-dc23 2011038675 Printing number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 I Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper CONTENTS r MAPS IX PREFACE X America, Iberia, and Africa Before Chapter 1 the Conquest 01 Amerindian Civilizations on the Eve of European Conquest O1 The Iberian World in the Late Fifteenth Century 23 Atlantic Africa in the Fifteenth Century 32 First Encounters in the New World 40 Chapter 2 The Age of Conquest 50 The Conquest of Mexico 50 The Conquest of Peru 58 The Ebb Tide of Conquest 67 Black Participation in the Age of Conquest 76 Conundrums and the Columbian Exchange 78 Chapter 3 Ruling New World Empires 91 Imperial Organization and Administration 91 The Colonial Church 104 Chapter4 Population and Labor 119 Changes in the Colonial Population 119 Indian Labor 130 Slavery and the Slave Trade 139 v vi CONTENTS s Production, Exchange, and Defense Chapter 152 The Mining and Sugar Industries 153 International Trade and Taxation 161 Defense 170 The Colonial Economy 178 The Social Economy Chapter 6 190 Evolution of Colonial Societies 191 The Elites 193 Urban and Rural Middle Groups 200 The Broad Base of Colonial Society 204 The Family and Society Chapter 7 221 Family: The Foundation of Colonial Society 221 Women in Colonial Societies and Economies 236 The Culture of Honor 241 Living in an Empire Chapter 8 245 Colonial Settings 245 Daily Life in the Colonies 256 The Cultural Milieu 280 Imperial Expansion Chapter 9 296 The Spanish Colonies: From the War of Succession to the Loss of Havana 296 Brazil in the Age of Expansion 305 The Era of Caroline Reforms Chapter 10 320 New Spain and Peru 321 The Emergence of the Periphery in Spanish America 335 Crisis and Political Revolution Chapter 11 352 The World Turned Upside Down 353 An Era of War and Crisis for Spain and Portugal 356 Governments of Resistance and Political Revolution, 1808-12 362 From Empire to Independence Chapter 12 368 Ferdinand and the Failure of Absolutism 369 Independence in Spanish America 370 Portugal and Brazil in an Era of Revolution 383 Cuba: The "Ever Faithful Isle" 387 Spain After the Loss of the Mainland Empire 388 Contents v,, Epilogue Chapter 13 391 The Economy 393 Government and Political Life 397 Social Change 400 A NOTE ON PERIODICAL LITERATURE AND SUGGESTED READINGS 403 GLOSSARY 404 ILLUSTRATION SOURCES AND CREDITS 409 MONARCHS OF SPAIN AND PORTUGAL 412 INDEX 415 This page intentionally left blank MAPS r l Topographical Map of Latin America MAP X11 2 Major Amerindian Cultures 22 MAP 3 The Iberian Peninsula in the Mid-Fifteenth Century 29 MAP 4 West and West Central Africa in the Early Sixteenth Century 34 MAP 5 Major Territorial Divisions in 1650 95 MAP 6 Colonial Trade 164 MAP 7 Colonial Latin America: Political Organization 304 MAP 8 Latin America in 1830 392 MAP ix