COLLOQUIAL ENGLISH Drawing on vast amounts of new data from live, unscripted radio and TV broadcasts,andtheinternet,thisisabrilliantandoriginalanalysisofcollo- quial English, revealing unusual and largely unreported types of clause structure. Andrew Radford debunks the myth that colloquial English has a substandard,simplifiedgrammar,andshowsthatithasacoherentandcom- plex structure of its own. The book develops a theoretically sophisticated account of structure and variation in colloquial English, advancing an area thathasbeeninvestigatedfromotherperspectives,suchascorpuslinguistics or conversational analysis, but never before in such detail from a formal syntacticviewpoint. andrew radford isEmeritusProfessorattheUniversityofEssex.Hehas writtenninebooksonsyntactictheoryandEnglishsyntax,includingSyntactic Theory and the Structure of English (1997), Minimalist Syntax (2004) and Analysing English Sentences (2016), all published by Cambridge University Press. Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. Access paid by the UCSB Libraries, on 12 Jul 2018 at 01:54:38, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108552202 cambridge studies in linguistics GeneralEditors:p. austin, j.bresnan, b. comrie, s. crain, w. dressler, c. j. ewen, r. lass, d. lightfoot, k. rice, i. roberts, s. romaine, n. v. smith Colloquial English Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. Access paid by the UCSB Libraries, on 12 Jul 2018 at 01:54:38, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108552202 Inthisseries 116. gilliancatrionaramchand:VerbMeaningandtheLexicon:AFirstPhase Syntax 117. pietermuysken:FunctionalCategories 118. juanuriagereka:SyntacticAnchors:OnSemanticStructuring 119. d.robertladd:IntonationalPhonology(secondedition) 120. leonardh.babby:TheSyntaxofArgumentStructure 121. b.elandresher:TheContrastiveHierarchyinPhonology 122. davidadger,danielharbourandlaurelj.watkins:Mirrorsand Microparameters:PhraseStructureBeyondFreeWordOrder 123. niinaningzhang:CoordinationinSyntax 124. neilsmith:AcquiringPhonology 125. ninatopintzi:Onsets:SuprasegmentalandProsodicBehaviour 126. cedricboeckx,norberthornsteinandjaironunes:Controlas Movement 127. michaelisrael:TheGrammarofPolarity:Pragmatics,Sensitivity,andtheLogic ofScales 128. m.ritamanziniandleonardom.savoia:GrammaticalCategories:Variation inRomanceLanguages 129. barbaracitko:SymmetryinSyntax:Merge,MoveandLabels 130. rachelwalker:VowelPatternsinLanguage 131. marydalrympleandirinanikolaeva:ObjectsandInformationStructure 132. jerroldm.sadock:TheModularArchitectureofGrammar 133. dunstanbrownandandrewhippisley:NetworkMorphology:ADefaults- basedTheoryofWordStructure 134. betteloulos,corrienblom,geertbooij,marionelenbaasandans vankemenade:MorphosyntacticChange:AComparativeStudyofParticlesand Prefixes 135. stephencrain:TheEmergenceofMeaning 136. huberthaider:SymmetryBreakinginSyntax 137. jose´ a.camacho:NullSubjects 138. gregorystumpandraphaela.finkel:MorphologicalTypology:FromWord toParadigm 139. brucetesar:Output-DrivenPhonology:TheoryandLearning 140. asieralca´zarandmariosaltarelli:TheSyntaxofImperatives 141. mishabecker:TheAcquisitionofSyntacticStructure:AnimacyandThematic Alignment 142. martinawiltschko:TheUniversalStructureofCategories:TowardsaFormal Typology 143. fahadrashedal-mutairi:TheMinimalistProgram:TheNatureand PlausibilityofChomsky’sBiolinguistics 144. cedricboeckx:ElementarySyntacticStructures:ProspectsofaFeature-Free Syntax 145. phoevospanagiotidis:CategorialFeatures:AGenerativeTheoryofWordClass Categories 146. markbaker:Case:ItsPrinciplesanditsParameters 147. williambennett:ThePhonologyofConsonants:Dissimilation,Harmonyand Correspondence 148. andreasims:InflectionalDefectiveness Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. Access paid by the UCSB Libraries, on 12 Jul 2018 at 01:54:38, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108552202 149. gregorystump:InflectionalParadigms:ContentandFormattheSyntax- MorphologyInterface 150. rochellelieber:EnglishNouns:TheEcologyofNominalization 151. johnbowers:DerivingSyntacticRelations 152. anateresape´rez-leroux,mihaelapirvulescuandyvesroberge: DirectObjectsandLanguageAcquisition 153. matthewbaerman,dunstanbrownandgrevillecorbett: MorphologicalComplexity 154. marceldendikken:DependencyandDirectionality 155. lauriebauer:CompoundsandCompounding 156. klausj.kohler:CommunicativeFunctionsandLinguisticFormsinSpeech Interaction 157. kurtgoblirsch:Gemination,Lenition,andVowelLengthening:OntheHistoryof QuantityinGermanic 158. andrewradford:ColloquialEnglish:StructureandVariation Earlierissuesnotlistedarealsoavailable Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. Access paid by the UCSB Libraries, on 12 Jul 2018 at 01:54:38, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108552202 COLLOQUIAL ENGLISH STRUCTURE AND VARIATION ANDREW RADFORD UniversityofEssex Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. Access paid by the UCSB Libraries, on 12 Jul 2018 at 01:54:38, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108552202 UniversityPrintingHouse,CambridgeCB28BS,UnitedKingdom OneLibertyPlaza,20thFloor,NewYork,NY10006,USA 477WilliamstownRoad,PortMelbourne,VIC3207,Australia 314–321,3rdFloor,Plot3,SplendorForum,JasolaDistrictCentre, NewDelhi–110025,India 79AnsonRoad,#06–04/06,Singapore079906 CambridgeUniversityPressispartoftheUniversityofCambridge. ItfurtherstheUniversity’smissionbydisseminatingknowledgeinthepursuitof education,learning,andresearchatthehighestinternationallevelsofexcellence. www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781108428057 DOI:10.1017/9781108552202 ©AndrewRadford2018 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2018 PrintedintheUnitedKingdombyClays,StIvesplc AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Names:Radford,Andrew,author. Title:ColloquialEnglish:structureandvariation/AndrewRadford. Description:Cambridge,UnitedKingdom:CambridgeUniversityPress,[2018]| Series:Cambridgestudiesinlinguistics Identifiers:LCCN2017058251|ISBN9781108428057(hardback) Subjects:LCSH:Englishlanguage–Variation.|Englishlanguage–Spoken English.|Englishlanguage–Grammar.|Conversationanalysis–Dataprocessing. |Linguisticchange.|Communicationmodels. Classification:LCCPE1074.7.R362018|DDC425–dc23 LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2017058251 ISBN978-1-108-42805-7Hardback ISBN978-1-108-44869-7Paperback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracy ofURLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredtointhispublication anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuchwebsitesis,orwillremain, accurateorappropriate. Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. Access paid by the UCSB Libraries, on 12 Jul 2018 at 01:54:38, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108552202 ThisbookisdedicatedtomydearwifeKhadija,whoseunswerving andenduringlove,friendshipandselflessnesshavesupportedmy research,andwhosewinningsmileandirresistiblelaughterhavelitup lifeinGreyBritainforthepastfourdecades.Wordscanneverexpress myfeelingsforyouandtheprofounddebtIoweyou. Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. Access paid by the UCSB Libraries, on 12 Jul 2018 at 01:59:09, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108552202 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. Access paid by the UCSB Libraries, on 12 Jul 2018 at 01:59:09, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108552202 Contents Acknowledgements page xi Prologue 1 1 Background 7 1.1 Introduction 7 1.2 S-,S'-andS"-analyses 7 1.3 CPAnalyses 14 1.4 TheCartographicApproach 22 1.5 TruncatedClauses 32 1.6 Summary 39 2 Topics 40 2.1 Introduction 40 2.2 ThreeTypesofTopicinColloquialEnglish 40 2.3 TheDerivationofTopics 45 2.4 MultipleTopicStructures 58 2.5 TopicsandComplementisers 67 2.6 TopicsandOtherPeripheralNon-whConstituents 72 2.7 TopicsinWh-interrogativesandExclamatives 78 2.8 TopicsinRelativeClauses 89 2.9 Summary 102 3 Complementisers 105 3.1 Introduction 105 3.2 PrimarySpellout 106 3.3 SecondarySpellout 122 3.4 ComplementisersinEmbeddedWh-clauses 134 3.5 ComplementisersinRootClauses 156 3.6 TheNatureofComplementiserSpellout 170 3.7 Summary 195 3.8 Appendix:ComplementisersinAdverbialClauses 197 ix Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. Access paid by the UCSB Libraries, on 12 Jul 2018 at 01:56:31, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108552202 x Contents 4 Howcome? 216 4.1 Introduction 216 4.2 Zwicky&Zwicky’sReductionAnalysis 217 4.3 Collins’ComplementiserAnalysis 224 4.4 Ochi’sSpec-CPAnalysis 236 4.5 Shlonsky&Soare’sINTPAnalysis 245 4.6 Endo’sFINPAnalysis 254 4.7 AFactiveAnalysisofhowcomethat 270 4.8 OtherhowcomeQuestions 283 4.9 Summary 290 4.10 Appendix:Questionnaireonhowcome 291 Epilogue 293 References 295 Index 329 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. Access paid by the UCSB Libraries, on 12 Jul 2018 at 01:56:31, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108552202