Colloquia essays on the Archaeology and Antiqua 18 At This volume presents essays on the Ancient history of s a ancient history and classical archae­ y e h U ology of the Black Sea. Like a periplus, G e OT the Black sea Littoral it offers a journey throughout the Lf & Pontus. The introductory chapter pro­ eOy O Q vides an overview of developments AR t hOL across the region over the last 20 years CTA s RsR e in the study of Greek colonisation, the local population and the rela­ AhIO I e T w tionship between them. The following chapters take the journey to the hT T T Cimmerians and Thrace, and how we understand them from written TNLI t sources. Next to the southern Black Sea and recent surveys and excava­ ON CIeeA Nn tions there, local peoples and the early Greek presence; then to the west ys ANk s edited by e and an account of archaeological research from the Archaic period to Ad C Manolis Manoledakis, Gocha R. Tsetskhladze and i sNA the Roman conquest. To the north, with an essay on recent archaeolog­ s L c eAB Ioannis Xydopoulos n ical research, a chapter on one of the local peoples, the Taurians, and – A another on the economy of the Greek colonies of the region, presented s a O through an examination of Kerkinitis in the Crimea. The northern and L U l western shores are combined in a consideration, based on epigraphic O a p A sources, of religious experience there. The final journey is to the eastern O n d Black Sea, and a survey of recent discoveries and studies in Colchis. y r X Iu I. & Uo e j z d e A L Qh h k t s T o e O s T t R. s G. Lt s, I n k A Le d PEETERS – LEUVEN e m L O Oe N A l M p M. p C u s PEETERS PEETERS 99940_Manoledakis_CA18_CV.indd All Pages 8/01/18 14:57 essays on the archaeology and ancient history of the black sea littoral 99940_Manoledakis_CA18_vw.indd 1 8/01/18 14:58 colloQuia antiQua ————— 18 ————— c o l l oQu i a a n t iQu a Supplements to the Journal ANCIENT WEST & EAST series editor essays on the archaeology and gocha r. tsetskhladze (uk) ancient history of editorial board the black sea littoral a. avram (romania/france), sir John boardman (uk), J. hargrave (uk), M. kazanski (france), a. Mehl (germany), a. podossinov (russia), n. theodossiev (bulgaria), J. Wiesehöfer (germany) adVisory board s. atasoy (turkey), l. ballesteros pastor (spain), J. bouzek (czech rep.), edited by s. burstein (usa), J. carter (usa), b. d’agostino (italy), f. de angelis (canada), J. de boer (the netherlands), a. domínguez (spain), Manolis Manoledakis, gocha r. tsetskhladze o. doonan (usa), a. kuhrt (uk), sir fergus Millar (uk), and ioannis xydopoulos J.-p. Morel (france), M. pearce (uk), d. potts (usa), a. rathje (denmark), r. rollinger (austria), a. snodgrass (uk), M. sommer (germany), d. stronach (usa), M. tiverios (greece), c. ulf (austria), J. Vela tejada (spain) Colloquia Antiqua is a refereed publication for proposals and editorial and other matters, please contact the series editor: gocha r. tsetskhladze the gallery spa road llandrindod Wells powys ld1 5er peeters uk leuVen – paris – bristol, ct e-mail: [email protected] 2017 99940_Manoledakis_CA18_vw.indd 2 8/01/18 14:58 colloQuia antiQua ————— 18 ————— c o l l oQu i a a n t iQu a Supplements to the Journal ANCIENT WEST & EAST series editor essays on the archaeology and gocha r. tsetskhladze (uk) ancient history of editorial board the black sea littoral a. avram (romania/france), sir John boardman (uk), J. hargrave (uk), M. kazanski (france), a. Mehl (germany), a. podossinov (russia), n. theodossiev (bulgaria), J. Wiesehöfer (germany) adVisory board s. atasoy (turkey), l. ballesteros pastor (spain), J. bouzek (czech rep.), edited by s. burstein (usa), J. carter (usa), b. d’agostino (italy), f. de angelis (canada), J. de boer (the netherlands), a. domínguez (spain), Manolis Manoledakis, gocha r. tsetskhladze o. doonan (usa), a. kuhrt (uk), sir fergus Millar (uk), and ioannis xydopoulos J.-p. Morel (france), M. pearce (uk), d. potts (usa), a. rathje (denmark), r. rollinger (austria), a. snodgrass (uk), M. sommer (germany), d. stronach (usa), M. tiverios (greece), c. ulf (austria), J. Vela tejada (spain) Colloquia Antiqua is a refereed publication for proposals and editorial and other matters, please contact the series editor: gocha r. tsetskhladze the gallery spa road llandrindod Wells powys ld1 5er peeters uk leuVen – paris – bristol, ct e-mail: [email protected] 2017 99940_Manoledakis_CA18_vw.indd 3 8/01/18 14:58 a catalogue record for this book is available from the library of congress. isbn 978-90-429-3545-7 d/2017/0602/xx © 2017, peeters, bondgenotenlaan 153, b-3000 leuven, belgium no part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means, including information storage or retrieval devices or systems, without prior written permission from the publisher, except the quotation of brief passages for review purposes. 99940_Manoledakis_CA18_vw.indd 4 8/01/18 14:58 TABLE OF CONTENTS series editor’s introduction – Gocha R. Tsetskhladze............. vii foreword – Costas Th. Grammenos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix introduction – Manolis Manoledakis .......................... xi list of illustrations......................................... xiii list of abbreviations ....................................... xxi Chapter 1 ‘greek penetration of the black sea’: twenty years on Gocha R. Tsetskhladze.......................... 1 Chapter 2 the cimmerians and their perception in ancient greek sources Ioannis K. Xydopoulos.......................... 65 Chapter 3 the terms ‘thrace’ and ‘thracians’ in greek histori- ography (6th–4th centuries bc) Ioannis K. Xydopoulos.......................... 83 Chapter 4 surveys and excavations on the southern black sea coast Sümer Atasoy ................................. 109 Chapter 5 the local peoples of the southern black sea coast Manolis Manoledakis........................... 147 Chapter 6 the early greek presence in the southern black sea Manolis Manoledakis........................... 173 Chapter 7 archaeological research on the Western black sea coast from the archaic period until the roman conquest: an overview Iulian Bîrzescu................................ 243 99940_Manoledakis_CA18_vw.indd 5 8/01/18 14:58 Vi chapter 8 an essay on recent archaeological research on the northern black sea coast Ewdoksia Papuci-Władyka....................... 273 chapter 9 the taurians Igor Khrapunov ............................... 333 chapter 10 the economy of kerkinitis during the ancient greek period Tatiana N. Smekalova and Vadim A. Kutaisov....... 369 chapter 11 religion as experience: epigraphic evidence from the West and north shores of the black sea Angelos Chaniotis ............................. 405 chapter 12 the colchian black sea coast: recent discoveries and studies Gocha R. Tsetskhladze.......................... 425 list of contributors........................................ 547 index ................................................... 000 99940_Manoledakis_CA18_vw.indd 6 8/01/18 14:58 SEriES EdiTOr’S iNTrOduCTiON the present volume is dedicated to aspects of the black sea. it demonstrates how much work has been done in this region and the continuing vitality of black sea studies. We begin at the beginning of the 1st millennium bc, when the enigmatic cimmerians allegedly occupied the northern black sea littoral and the steppes of the hinterland: not much is known about them, but one contribution here examines what ancient authors had to say. the same author also considers the terms thrace and thracians in the greek historiography of the 6th–4th centuries bc. the local population of the southern black sea is examined in one contribution, and the greek presence on the southern black sea littoral extensively, using archaeology and literary evidence, in another. in a further essay, the taurians, one of the local peoples of the northern black sea, are brought out of the shadows. the economy of that region is viewed through the lens of kerkinitis. and broadening the focus, religious experience as recorded in epigraphic sources is not forgotten either. a welcome feature of the collection is the various survey pieces on recent archaeo- logical investigations and publications on all of the sea’s four shores. the initial plan for this volume was to create a textbook for students, especially for those at the international hellenic university in thessaloniki who were partici- pating in its Ma programme on the black sea and the eastern Mediterranean. not all of the chapters originally commissioned were submitted, some had to be rejected, some were revised, yet it was clear that many were too academic to serve this original purpose. Moreover, they did not cover all aspects of the ancient black sea. hence, the volume was refocussed, and its present title aptly and more accurately describes it: a number of essays offering coverage of various facets and several parts of the black sea, but denying any claim to comprehensiveness or completeness. the international hellenic university has financed the project. We are grateful to it, particularly its president, prof. costas th. grammenos, for this welcome sup- port. Manolis Manoledakis of the international hellenic university has taken the lead in the project from the beginning and has successfully navigated it to harbour. as ever, thank go to our publishers peeters, especially bert Verrept, for their help. i am most grateful to James hargrave for his assistance with copy-editing and indexing. gocha r. tsetskhladze llandrindod Wells May 2017 99940_Manoledakis_CA18_vw.indd 7 8/01/18 14:58 99940_Manoledakis_CA18_vw.indd 8 8/01/18 14:58 FOrEwOrd By ThE PrESidENT OF ThE iNTErNATiONAL hELLENiC uNivErSiTy the present volume belongs to the research and educational activity of the international hellenic university on the black sea littoral, especially in antiquity. there is no doubt that the black sea has been an area with continuously increas- ing importance during the last decades. after the end of the cold War, scholars from all over the world have been showing a great interest in the archaeology and the ancient history of the black sea, an interest that has resulted in many joint research programmes, excavations, conferences, as well as publications. being aware of this situation, and realising that there has never been an educa- tional programme in any university totally dedicated to the black sea, the school of humanities of our university decided to launch in 2010 the ‘Ma in black sea cultural studies’, the first postgraduate programme worldwide examining the black sea littoral exclusively and in an interdisciplinary way. the courses offered include archaeology, history of all periods, ancient, mediaeval and modern art, religion, ethnography, politics, international relations as well as economic issues. after six successful years, we have chosen to broaden the geographic horizon of our programme’s subject matter and offer it from now on as the ‘Ma in black sea and eastern Mediterranean studies’. Within the frame of this Master’s programme we have until now welcomed students from 14 countries, invited some of the world’s top specialist scholars on the issues examined to give lectures, and organised two international workshops on ‘the black sea in antiquity’, accompanied by the publication of their proceedings, as well as several other conferences and events. it is within the same frame that we decided to create and fund this volume, which includes contributions by members of our academic staff – tenured, visiting and honorary – and of some other highly distinguished scholars of the black sea in antiquity. We aim at creating a valuable book, not only for our students, but also for any scholar of the subject. it is with great pleasure that i invite you to read this collection of essays on the archaeology and ancient history of the black sea littoral, hoping that you will find them useful for your studies and stimulating for further academic discussion on the issues presented. prof. costas th. grammenos, cbe, dsc president, international hellenic university cass business school, city, university of london 99940_Manoledakis_CA18_vw.indd 9 8/01/18 14:58