Harper Collins Latin Concise Dictionary Includes a Special Section on Common Latin Words and Phrases Used in English Today The Complete More than 160,000 Entries and Translations 2-in-l Reference ♦ with a Supplements on Roman History and Culture Quick Reference Grammar Section Collins Latin Dictionary pli^G rammar Collins An Imprint of WarperGoWmsPubUshers first published in this format 1997 © HarperCollins Publishers 1997 latest reprint 2003 HarperCollins Publishers Westerhill Road, Bishopbriggs, Glasgow G64 2QT Great Britain www.collinsdictionaries.com Collins® is a registered trademark of HarperCollins Publishers Limited ISBN 0-00-472092-X HarperCollins Publishers, Inc 10 East 53rd Street, New York, NY 10022 ISBN 0-06-053690-X Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data has been applied for www.harpercollins.com First HarperCollins edition published 2003 Dictionary based on the Collins Latin Gem © 1957 by Professor D.A. Kidd Canterbury University Grammar text and dictionary supplements by Mary Wade Editorial coordinator Joyce Littlejohn Latin consultants Ian Brookes Denis Bruce Michael D. Igoe Series editor Lorna Sinclair Editorial management Vivian Marr All rights reserved A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Dictionary text typeset by Tradespools Ltd, Somerset Grammar typeset by Latimer Trend Ltd, Plymouth Printed by Legoprint S.P.A. CONTENTS Abbreviations used in this dictionary iv How to use the dictionary V Latin alphabet and spelling vii Pronunciation and accent viii Quick reference grammar Noun declensions xiii Verb conjugations xvii Verbal nouns and adjectives xxiv Irregular verbs xx vi LATIN-ENGLISH DICTIONARY 1-236 Roman life and culture 1-25 Latin verse 1-9 Latin phrases used in English today 1-15 ENGLISH-LATIN DICTIONARY 1-192 GRAMMAR AND VERB TABLES Introduction 3 Nouns 7 Adjectives 24 Adverbs 42 Pronouns 48 Prepositions 58 Numerals 70 Dates 76 Sentence structure 80 Translation tips 132 Verbs 146 Verb tables 188 Principal parts 220 ABBREVIATIONS adj adjective MED medicine abl ablative MIL military acc accusative mod modern adv adverb n noun AGR agriculture NAUT nautical ARCH architecture neg negative art article nom nominative ASTR astronomy nt neuter AUG augury num numeral COMM business occ occasionally CIRCS circumstances P participle compar comparative pass passive conj conjunction perf perfect cpd compound perh perhaps dat dative pers person defec defective PHILOS philosophy ECCL ecclesiastical Pi plural esp especially POL politics excl exclamatory ppa perfect participle active f feminine PPP perfect participle passive fig figurative prep preposition fut future pres present gen genitive pron pronoun GEOG geography prop properly GRAM grammar PROV proverb impers impersonal relat relative imperf imperfect RHET rhetoric impv imperative sg singular indecl indeclinable sim similarly indie indicative subj subjunctive inf informal superl superlative infin infinitive THEAT theatre inter] interjection UNIV university interrog interrogative usu usually LIT literature vi intransitive verb loc locative voc vocative m masculine vt transitive verb MATH mathematics iv INTRODUCTION Whether you are learning Latin for the first time or wish to “brush up” what you learned some time ago, this dictionary is designed to help you understand Latin and to express yourself in Latin, if you so wish. HOW TO USE THE DICTIONARY Entries are laid out as follows: Headword This is shown in bold type. On the Latin-English side all long vowels are shown by placing a above them. Latin nouns show the genitive singular form in bold. Latin verbs show the first person singular of the present indicative as the headword, followed by the infinitive, the first person singular of the perfect indicative and usually the past participle, all in bold type: elegia, -ae elementum, -i elevo, are ematuresco, -escere, -ui Part of Speech Next comes the part of speech (noun, verb, adjective etc), shown in italics. Part of speech abbreviations used in the dictionary are shown in the abbreviations list (p /V). Where a word has more than one part of speech, each new part of speech is preceded by a black lozenge (♦). If a Latin headword is a preposition, the case taken by the preposition comes immediately after the part of speech, in italics and in brackets. era, -ae/ ticklish adj thunder n tonitrus m ♦ vi tonare, intonare, erga prep (with acc) towards; against. Meanings Where a word or a part of speech has only one meaning, the translation comes immediately after the part of speech. However, many words have more than one meaning. Where the context is likely to show which translation is correct, variations in meaning are simply separated by a semi-colon. But usually there will also be an “indicator” in italics and in brackets. Some meanings relate to specific subject areas, for example religion, politics, military matters etc - v these indicators are in small italic capitals. ensiger, -T ad) with his sword, toy n crepundia ntpi ♦ vi ludere, toll collector n exactor m; portitor m. eo, -Ire, ivi and ii, Itum vi to go; (mil) to march; (time) to pass; (event) to proceed, turn out. Translations Most words can be translated directly. On the English-Latin side, translations of nouns include the gender of the Latin noun in italics. However, sometimes a phrase is needed to show how a word is used, but in some cases a direct translation of a phrase would be meaningless: the symbol - in front of a translation shows that the translation is natural English, but does not mean word for word what the Latin means. Sometimes, even an approximate translation would not be very helpful (for place names, for example) - in these cases, an explanation in italics is given instead. In other cases, the user will need more information than simply the translation; in these cases, “indica¬ tors” are included in the translation(s), giving, for instance, the case required by a Latin verb or preposition or further details about a place or person. thumb n pollex m; have under one's ~ in potestate sua habere, elephantomacha, -ae m fighter mounted on an elephant. Erymanthus, -I m mountain range in Arcadia (where Hercules killed the bear). thwart vt obstare (dat), officere (dat). Pronunciation Since Latin pronunciation is regular, once the basic rules have been learned (see pp viii, ix), the dictionary does not show phonetic transcriptions against each headword, but does show all long vowels. Other Information The dictionary also includes: • a basic grammar section • information about life in Roman times: - how government and the army were organized - how numbers and dates were calculated and expressed - family relationships - geographical names - major Roman authors - key events in Roman history-(important historical and mythological characters and events are listed within the body of the main text). • a section on Latin poetry and scansion • a list of Latin expressions commonly used in English today vi LATIN ALPHABET The Latin alphabet is the one which has been almost universally adopted by the modern languages of Europe and America. In the Classical period it had 23 letters, namely the English alphabet without letters j, v and w. Letter v The symbol v was the capital form of the letter u, but in a later age the small v came into use to represent the consonantal u, and as it is commonly so employed in modern editions of Latin authors, it has been retained as a distinct letter in this dictionary for convenience. Letter j The symbol j came to be used as the consonantal i, and is found in older editions of the Classics, but as it has been almost entirely discarded in modern texts, it is not used in this dictionary, and words found spelt with a j must therefore be looked up under i. w, Letters y, z The letter w may be seen in the Latinized forms of some modern names, e.g. Westmonasterium, Westminster. The letters y and z occur only in words of Greek origin. ORTHOGRAPHY Many Latin words which begin with a prefix can be spelled in two ways. The prefix can retain its original spelling, or it can be assimilated, changing a letter depending on the letter which follows it. Compare the following: ad before g, 1, r and p: adpropinquare appropinquare adgredi aggredi adloquor alloquor adrogans arrogans ad is also often assimilated before f and n: adfectus affectus adnexus annexus and ad is often shortened to a before sc: adscendere ascendere in changes to il before 1, to im before m or p and to ir before r. con becomes cor when followed by another r and col when followed by 1. We have provided cross-references in the text to draw your attention to the alternative forms of words. Thus, although arrogantia does not appear in the Latin-English section, the cross-reference at arr- will point you to the entry for adrogantia, where the translation is given. vii PRONUNCIATION The ancient pronunciation of Latin has been established with a fair degree of certainty from the evidence of ancient authorities and inscriptions and inferences from the modern Romance languages. It is not possible, of course, to recapture the precise nuances of Classical Latin speech, but what follows is now generally accepted and generally understood as a reasonably accurate guide to the sounds of Latin as spoken by educated Romans during the two centuries from Cicero to Quintilian. ACCENT The Latin accent in the Classical period was a weak stress, perhaps with an element of pitch in it. It falls, as in English, on the second last syllable of the word, if that syllable is long, and on the third last syllable if the second last is short. Disyllabic words take the accent on the first syllable, unless they have already lost a final syllable, e.g. illlc(e). Inflected words are commonly learned with the accent wrongly placed on the last syllable, for convenience in memorizing the inflexions. But it is advisable to get the accent as well as the ending right. The correct accent of other words can easily be found by noting carefully the quantity of the second last syllable and then accenting the word as in English, according to the rule given above. Thus fuerunt is accented on the second last syllable because the e is long, whereas fuerant is accented on the third last, because the e is short. VOWELS Vowels are pure and should not be diphthongized as in certain sounds of Southern English. They may be long or short. Throughout this Dictionary all vowels known or believed by the best authorities to be long are marked with a line above them; those unmarked are either known to be short or of uncertain quantity. Short Long agricoin rat ramus rather hedera pen ave pay itaque km cfvis keen "favor rob amplio robe nebula full luna fool y is a Greek sound and is pronounced (both short and long) as u in French ie rue. viii