2 HarperCollins Publishers Westerhill Road Bishopbriggs Glasgow G64 2QT Great Britain Second Edition 2011 Reprint 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 © HarperCollins Publishers 2005, 2011 EPUB Edition © July 2011 ISBN 978-0-00-744469-4 Collins® is a registered trademark of HarperCollins Publishers Limited www.collinslanguage.com A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Typeset by Davidson Publishing Solutions, Glasgow Printed in India by Gopsons Papers Ltd Acknowledgements We would like to thank those authors and publishers who kindly gave permission for copyright material to be used in the Collins Word Web. We would also like to thank Times Newspapers Ltd for providing valuable data. All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. By payment of the required fees, you have been granted the non- exclusive, non-transferable right to access and read the text of this e-book on screen. No part of this text may be reproduced, transmitted, downloaded, decompiled, reverse engineered, or stored in or introduced into any information storage and retrieval system, in any form or by any means, whether electronic or mechanical, now known or hereinafter invented, without the express written permission of HarperCollins. Entered words that we have reason to believe constitute trademarks have been designated as such. However, neither the presence nor absence of such designation should be regarded as affecting the legal status of any trademark. HarperCollins does not warrant that www.collinsdictionary.com, www.collinslanguage.com or any other website mentioned in this title will be provided uninterrupted, that any website will be error free, that defects will be corrected, or that the website or the server that makes it available are free of viruses or bugs. For full terms and conditions please refer to the site terms provided on the website. SERIES EDITOR Rob Scriven MANAGING EDITOR Gaëlle Amiot-Cadey EDITORIAL COORDINATION Susanne Reichert Rachel Smith CONTRIBUTORS Wendy Lee Di Larkin Laurent Jouet Cécile-Aubinière Robb 3 Contents Introduction Glossary of Verb Grammar Terms Introduction to Verb Formation The three conjugations The present tense The imperative Reflexive verbs The imperfect tense The future tense The conditional The perfect tense The pluperfect tense The past historic tense The present participle The subjunctive Verb Combinations Verbs followed by an infinitive with no preposition Verbs followed by à + infinitive Verbs followed by à + object Verbs followed by de + infinitive Verbs followed by de + object Verbs taking a direct object in French but not in English Verb Tables Verb Index 4 Introduction The Easy Learning French Verbs is designed for both young and adult learners. Whether you are starting to learn French for the very first time, brushing up your language skills or revising for exams, the Easy Learning French Verbs and its companion volume, the Easy Learning French Grammar, are here to help. Newcomers can sometimes struggle with the technical terms they come across when they start to explore the grammar of a new language. The Easy Learning French Verbs contains a glossary which explains verb grammar terms using simple language and cutting out jargon. The text is divided into sections to help you become confident in using and understanding French verbs. The first section looks at verb formation. Written in clear language, with numerous examples in real French, this section helps you to understand the rules which are used to form verb tenses. The next section of text looks at certain common prepositions which are used with a number of verbs. Each combination of verb plus preposition is shown with a simple example of real French to show exactly how it is used. The Verb Tables contain 115 important French verbs (both regular and irregular) which are given in full for various tenses. Examples show how to use these verbs in your own work. If you are unsure how a verb goes in French, you can look up the Verb Index at the back of the book to find either the conjugation of the verb itself, or a cross-reference to a model verb, which will show you the patterns that verb follows. The Easy Learning French Grammar takes you a step further in your language learning. It supplements the information given in the Easy Learning French Verbs by offering even more guidance on the usage and meaning of verbs, as well as looking at the most important aspects of French grammar. Together, or individually, the Easy Learning titles offer you all the help you need when learning French. 5 Glossary of Verb Grammar Terms ADVERB a word usually used with verbs, adjectives or other adverbs that gives more information about when, where, how or in what circumstances something happens, for example, quickly, happily, now. AGREE (to) to change word endings according to whether you are referring to masculine, feminine, singular or plural people or things. AGREEMENT changing word endings according to whether you are referring to masculine, feminine, singular or plural people or things. ARTICLE a word like the, a and an, which is used in front of a noun. See also definite article and indefinite article. AUXILIARY VERB a verb such as be, have and do when it is used with a main verb to form tenses, negatives and questions. BASE FORM the form of the verb without any endings added to it, for example, walk, have, be, go. Compare with infinitive. CLAUSE a group of words containing a verb. CONDITIONAL a verb form used to talk about things that would happen or would be true under certain conditions, for example, I would help you if I could. It is also used to say what you would like or need, for example, Could you give me the bill? CONJUGATE (to) to give a verb different endings according to whether you are referring to I, you, they and so on, and according to whether you are referring to past, present or future, for example, I have, she had, they will have. CONJUGATION a group of verbs which have the same endings as each other or change according to the same pattern. DEFINITE ARTICLE the word the. Compare with indefinite article. DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN one of the words this, that, these and those used instead of a noun to point out people or things, for example, That looks fun. DIRECT OBJECT a noun referring to the person or thing affected by the action described by a verb, for example, She wrote her name.; I shut the window. Compare with indirect object. DIRECT OBJECT PRONOUN a word such as me, him, us and them which is used instead of a noun to stand in for the person or thing most directly affected by the action described by the verb. Compare with indirect object pronoun. ENDING a form added to a verb, for example, go > goes, and to adjectives and nouns depending on whether they refer to masculine, feminine, singular or plural things. FEMININE a form of noun, pronoun or adjective that is used to refer to a living being, thing or idea that is not classed as masculine. FUTURE a verb tense used to talk about something that will happen or will be true. IMPERATIVE the form of a verb used when giving orders and instructions, for example, Shut the door!; Sit down!; Don’t go! IMPERFECT one of the verb tenses used to talk about the past, especially in descriptions, and to say what was happening or used to happen, for example, I used to walk to school; It was sunny at the weekend. Compare with perfect. IMPERSONAL VERB one which does not refer to a real person or thing and where the subject is represented by it, for example, It’s going to rain; It’s 10 o’clock. 6 INDEFINITE ARTICLE the words a and an. Compare with definite article. INDEFINITE PRONOUN a small group of pronouns such as everything, nobody and something, which are used to refer to people or things in a general way, without saying exactly who or what they are. INDIRECT OBJECT a noun used with verbs that take two objects. For example, in I gave the carrot to the rabbit, the rabbit is the indirect object and carrot is the direct object. Compare with direct object. INDIRECT OBJECT PRONOUN when a verb has two objects (a direct one and an indirect one), the indirect object pronoun is used instead of a noun to show the person or the thing the action is intended to benefit or harm, for example, me in He gave me a book and Can you get me a towel? Compare with direct object pronoun. INDIRECT QUESTION used to tell someone else about a question and introduced by a verb such as ask, tell or wonder, for example, He asked me what the time was; I wonder who he is. INFINITIVE the form of the verb with to in front of it and without any endings added, for example, to walk, to have, to be, to go. Compare with base form. IRREGULAR VERB a verb whose forms do not follow a general pattern or the normal rules. Compare with regular verb. MASCULINE a form of noun, pronoun or adjective that is used to refer to a living being, thing or idea that is not classed as feminine. NEGATIVE a question or statement which contains a word such as not, never or nothing, and is used to say that something is not happening, is not true or is absent, for example, I never eat meat; Don’t you love me? NOUN a ‘naming’ word for a living being, thing or idea, for example, woman, desk, happiness, Andrew. NUMBER used to say how many things you are referring to or where something comes in a sequence. OBJECT a noun or pronoun which refers to a person or thing that is affected by the action described by the verb. Compare with direct object, indirect object and subject. OBJECT PRONOUN one of the set of pronouns including me, him and them, which are used instead of the noun as the object of a verb or preposition. Compare with subject pronoun. PART OF SPEECH a word class, for example, noun, verb, adjective, preposition, pronoun. PASSIVE a form of the verb that is used when the subject of the verb is the person or thing that is affected by the action, for example, we were told. PAST HISTORIC one of the verb tenses used to talk about the past when referring to completed actions, whether they happened recently or a long time ago and regardless of how long they lasted. PAST PARTICIPLE a verb form which is used to form perfect and pluperfect tenses and passives, for example, watched, swum. Some past participles are also used as adjectives, for example, a broken watch. PERFECT one of the verb tenses used to talk about the past, especially about actions that took place and were completed in the past. Compare with imperfect. PERSON one of three classes: the first person (I, we), the second person (you singular and you plural), and the third person (he, she, it and they). PERSONAL PRONOUN one of the group of words including I, you and they which are used to refer to yourself, the people you are talking to, or the people or things you are talking about. PLUPERFECT one of the verb tenses used to describe something that had happened or had been true at a point in the past, for example, I’d forgotten to finish my homework. PLURAL the form of a word which is used to refer to more than one person or thing. Compare with singular. PREPOSITION is a word such as at, for, with, into or from, which is usually followed by a noun, pronoun or, in English, a word ending in -ing. Prepositions show how people and things relate to the rest of the sentence, for 7 example, She’s at home; a tool for cutting grass; It’s from David. PRESENT a verb form used to talk about what is true at the moment, what happens regularly, and what is happening now, for example, I’m a student; I travel to college by train; I’m studying languages. PRESENT PARTICIPLE a verb form ending in -ing which is used in English to form verb tenses, and which may be used as an adjective or a noun, for example, What are you doing?; the setting sun; Swimming is easy! PRONOUN a word which you use instead of a noun, when you do not need or want to name someone or something directly, for example, it, you, none. PROPER NOUN the name of a person, place, organization or thing. Proper nouns are always written with a capital letter, for example, Kevin, Glasgow, Europe, London Eye. REFLEXIVE PRONOUN a word ending in -self or -selves, such as myself or themselves, which refers back to the subject, for example, He hurt himself.; Take care of yourself. REFLEXIVE VERB a verb where the subject and object are the same, and where the action ‘reflects back’ on the subject. A reflexive verb is used with a reflexive pronoun such as myself, yourself, herself, for example, I washed myself.; He shaved himself. REGULAR VERB a verb whose forms follow a general pattern or the normal rules. Compare with irregular verb. SINGULAR the form of a word which is used to refer to one person or thing. Compare with plural. STEM the main part of a verb to which endings are added. SUBJECT the noun in a sentence or phrase that refers to the person or thing that does the action described by the verb or is in the state described by the verb, for example, My cat doesn’t drink milk. Compare with object. SUBJECT PRONOUN a word such as I, he, she and they which carries out the action described by the verb. Pronouns stand in for nouns when it is clear who is being talked about, for example, My brother isn’t here at the moment. He’ll be back in an hour. Compare with object pronoun. SUBJUNCTIVE a verb form used in certain circumstances to express some sort of feeling, or to show doubt about whether something will happen or whether something is true. It is only used occasionally in modern English, for example, If I were you, I wouldn’t bother.; So be it. TENSE the form of a verb which shows whether you are referring to the past, present or future. VERB a ‘doing’ word which describes what someone or something does, what someone or something is, or what happens to them, for example, be, sing, live. 8 Introduction to Verb Formation The three conjugations Verbs are usually used with a noun, with a pronoun such as I, you or she, or with somebody’s name. They can relate to the present, the past and the future; this is called their tense. Verbs are either: regular; their forms follow the normal rules irregular; their forms do not follow the normal rules Regular English verbs have a base form (the form of the verb without any endings added to it, for example, walk). The base form can have to in front of it, for example, to walk. This is called the infinitive. You will find one of these forms when you look a verb up in your dictionary. French verbs also have an infinitive, which ends in -er, -ir or -re, for example, donner (meaning to give), finir (meaning to finish), attendre (meaning to wait). Regular French verbs belong to one of these three verb groups, which are called conjugations. We will look at each of these three conjugations in turn on the next few pages. English verbs have other forms apart from the base form and infinitive: a form ending in -s (walks), a form ending in -ing (walking), and a form ending in -ed (walked). French verbs have many more forms than this, which are made up of endings added to a stem. The stem of a verb can usually be worked out from the infinitive. French verb endings change, depending on who you are talking about: je (I), tu (you), il/elle/on (he/she/one) in the singular, or nous (we), vous (you) and ils/elles (they) in the plural. French verbs also have different forms depending on whether you are referring to the present, future or past. Some verbs in French do not follow the normal rules, and are called irregular verbs. These include some very common and important verbs like avoir (meaning to have), être (meaning to be), faire (meaning to do, to make) and aller (meaning to go). There is information on many of these irregular verbs in the following sections. The following sections give you all the help you need on how to form the different verb tenses used in French. If you would like even more information on how French verbs are used, the Easy Learning French Grammar shows you when and how numerous different verbs are used when writing and speaking modern French. 9 The present tense Forming the present tense of regular -er (first conjugation) verbs If an infinitive in French ends in -er, it means the verb belongs to the first conjugation, for example, donner, aimer, parler. To know which form of the verb to use in French, you need to work out what the stem of the verb is and then add the correct ending. The stem of -er verbs in the present tense is formed by taking the infinitive and chopping off -er. Infinitive Stem (without -er) donner (to give) donn- aimer (to like, to love) aim- parler (to speak, to talk) parl- Now you know how to find the stem of a verb, you can add the correct ending. Which one you choose will depend on whether you are referring to je, tu, il, elle, on, nous, vous, ils or elles. Here are the present tense endings for -er verbs: Pronoun Ending Add to stem, e.g. donn- Meanings je (j’) -e je donne I give I am giving tu -es tu donnes you give you are giving il -e il donne he/she/it/one gives elle elle donne he/she/it/one is on on donne giving nous -ons nous donnons we give we are giving vous -ez vous donnez you give you are giving ils -ent ils donnent they give elles elles donnent they are giving Marie regarde la télé. Marie is watching TV. Le train arrive à deux heures. The train arrives at 2 o’clock. Note that there are a few regular -er verbs such as lancer that are spelled slightly differently from the way you might expect. Forming the present tense of regular -ir (second conjugation) verbs If an infinitive ends in -ir, it means the verb belongs to the second conjugation, for example, finir, choisir, remplir. The stem of -ir verbs in the present tense is formed by taking the infinitive and chopping off -ir. Infinitive Stem (without -ir) 10 finir (to finish) fin- choisir (to choose) chois- remplir (to fill, to fill in) rempl- Now add the correct ending, depending on whether you are referring to je, tu, il, elle, on, nous, vous, ils or elles. Here are the present tense endings for -ir verbs: Pronoun Ending Add to stem, Meanings e.g. fin- je (j’) -is je finis I finish I am finishing tu -is tu finis you finish you are finishing il -it il finit he/she/it/one elle elle finit finishes on on finit he/she/it/one is finishing nous -issons nous finissons we finish we are finishing vous -issez vous finissez you finish you are finishing ils -issent ils finissent they finish elles elles finissent they are finishing Le cours finit à onze heures. The lesson finishes at eleven o’clock. Je finis mes devoirs. I’m finishing my homework. The nous and vous forms of -ir verbs have an extra syllable. vous fi|ni|ssez (three syllables) tu fi|nis (two syllables) Forming the present tense of regular -re (third conjugation) verbs If an infinitive ends in -re, it means the verb belongs to the third conjugation, for example, attendre, vendre, entendre. The stem of -re verbs in the present tense is formed by taking the infinitive and chopping off -re. Infinitive Stem (without -re) attendre (to wait) attend- vendre (to sell) vend- entendre (to hear) entend- Now add the correct ending, depending on whether you are referring to je, tu, il, elle, on, nous, vous, ils or elles. Here are the present tense endings for -re verbs: Pronoun Ending Add to stem, Meanings 11 e.g. attend- je (j’) -s j’attends I wait I am waiting tu -s tu attends you wait you are waiting il - il attend he/she/it/one waits elle elle attend he/she/it/one is on on attend waiting nous -ons nous attendons we wait we are waiting vous -ez vous attendez you wait you are waiting ils -ent ils attendent they wait elles elles attendent they are waiting J’attends ma sœur. I’m waiting for my sister. Chaque matin nous attendons le train ensemble. Every morning we wait for the train together. Spelling changes in -er verbs Learning the patterns shown on pages 14–17 means you can now work out the forms of most -er verbs. A few verbs, though, involve a small spelling change. This is usually to do with how a word is pronounced. In the tables below the forms with the irregular spelling are underlined. Verbs ending in -cer With verbs such as lancer (meaning to throw), which end in -cer, c becomes ç before an a or an o. This is so the letter c is still pronounced as in the English word ice. Pronoun Example verb: lancer je lance tu lances il/elle/on lance nous lançons vous lancez ils/elles lancent Nous lançons le ballon aussi haut que possible. We throw the ball as high as we can. Nous avançons sans bruit. We move forward without a noise. Nous les devançons de plusieurs kilomètres. We’re several kilometres ahead of them. Verbs ending in -ger With verbs such as manger (meaning to eat), which end in -ger, g becomes ge before an a or an o. This is so the letter g is still pronounced like the s in the English word leisure. 12 Pronoun Example verb: manger je mange tu manges il/elle/on mange nous mangeons vous mangez ils/elles mangent Nous mangeons à huit heures du soir. We eat at eight. Nous ne les dérangeons pas. We aren’t disturbing them. Nous rangeons la cuisine. We’re tidying up the kitchen. Verbs ending in -eler With verbs such as appeler (meaning to call), which end in -eler, the l doubles before -e, -es and -ent. The double consonant (ll) affects the pronunciation of the word. In appeler, the first e sounds like the vowel sound at the end of the English word teacher, but in appelle the first e sounds like the one in the English word pet. Pronoun Example verb: appeler j’ appelle tu appelles il/elle/on appelle nous appelons vous appelez ils/elles appellent Il appelle son frère pour son anniversaire. He calls his brother for his birthday. Nous vous rappelons que le bus part à sept heures. May we remind you that the bus leaves at seven. The exceptions to this rule are geler (meaning to freeze) and peler (meaning to peel), which change in the same way as lever. Verbs like this are sometimes called ‘1, 2, 3, 6 verbs’ because they change in the first person singular (je), second person singular (tu), and third person singular and plural (il/elle/on and ils/elles). Verbs ending in -eter With verbs such as jeter (meaning to throw), which end in -eter, the t doubles before -e, -es and -ent. The double consonant (tt) affects the pronunciation of the word. In jeter, the first e sounds like the vowel sound at the end of the English word teacher, but in jette the first e sounds like the one in the English word pet. Pronoun Example verb: jeter je jette tu jettes il/elle/on jette nous jetons vous jetez ils/elles jettent 13 Tu jettes l’enveloppe à la poubelle. You put the envelope in the bin. The exceptions to this rule include acheter (meaning to buy), which changes in the same way as lever. Verbs ending in -yer With verbs such as nettoyer (meaning to clean), which end in -yer, the y changes to i before -e, -es and -ent. Pronoun Example verb: nettoyer je nettoie tu nettoies il/elle/on nettoie nous nettoyons vous nettoyez ils/elles nettoient Ils nettoient leurs bureaux chaque semaine. They clean their desks every week. Tu essuies tes lunettes avant le début du film. You clean your glasses before the film starts. Il balaie le trottoir devant sa porte. He sweeps the pavement outside his door. Verbs ending in -ayer, such as payer (meaning to pay) and essayer (meaning to try), can be spelled with either a y or an i. So je paie and je paye, for example, are both correct. Changes involving accents With verbs such as lever (meaning to raise), peser (meaning to weigh) and acheter (meaning to buy), e changes to è before the consonant + -e, -es and -ent. The accent changes the pronunciation too. In lever the first e sounds like the vowel sound at the end of the English word teacher, but in lève and so on the first e sounds like the one in the English word pet. Pronoun Example verb: lever je lève tu lèves il/elle/on lève nous levons vous levez ils/elles lèvent Il achète le journal. He buys the paper. Nous achetons des pommes pour faire une tarte. We buy apples to make a pie. On pèse le bébé à sa naissance. The baby is weighed after its birth. Nous pesons trop lourd pour prendre cet ascenseur. We’re too heavy to take this lift. With verbs such as espérer (meaning to hope), régler (meaning to adjust) and préférer (meaning to prefer), é changes to è before the consonant + -e, -es and -ent. Pronoun Example verb: espérer 14 j’ espère tu espères il/elle/on espère nous espérons vous espérez ils/elles espèrent Elle règle sa montre avant de se coucher. She sets her watch before going to bed. Nous réglons la pendule de la cuisine. We set the kitchen clock. Je préfère lire plutôt que de regarder la télévision. I prefer to read rather than to watch television. Nous préférons la mer à la montagne. We like the sea better than mountains. J’espère te revoir bientôt. I hope to see you soon. Nous espérons que vous allez tous bien. We hope you’re all well. Irregular -ir verbs Many irregular verbs that end in -ir, such as partir (meaning to leave) and tenir (meaning to hold), have a common pattern in the singular. The je and tu forms often end in -s, and the il/elle/on form often ends in -t. Pronoun partir tenir je pars tiens tu pars tiens il/elle/on part tient Je pars demain. I’m leaving tomorrow. Elle tient le bébé. She is holding the baby. All the most important irregular verbs are shown in full in the Verb Tables at the back of the book. 15