Collective practices and the right to the city in Salvador, Brazil Collaborative work between MSc Social Development Practice, The Bartlett Development Planning Unit and Lugar Comum, Faculty of Architecture of the Universidade Federal da Bahia MSc Social Development Practice student report Alexandre Apsan Frediani, Tamlyn Monson, Ignacia Ossul Vermehren Editors This report, as well as previous overseas fieldwork reports, are available for download on the following link: https://www.ucl.ac.uk/ drupal/bartlett/development/programmes/ postgraduate/msc-social-development- practice/overseas-fieldwork If a hard copy is required, please contact the Development Planning Unit (DPU) at the address at the bottom of the page. Institutions, organisations and booksellers should supply a Purchase Order when ordering a copy of this report. Where multiple copies are ordered, and the cost of postage and package is signi cant, the DPU may make a charge to cover costs. Copyright of this report lies with the authors and there are no restrictions on it being published elsewhere in any version or form. Graphics and layout: Paola Fuentes Cover images (from left to right): Rosa Salazar Benazar, Maurifa Hassan, Kentaro Tsubakihara and Natasha Menon. ISBN: 9780995527935 Development Planning Unit | The Bartlett | University College London 34 Tavistock Square - London - WC1H 9EZ Tel: +44 (0)20 7679 1111 - Fax: +44 (0)20 7679 1112 - www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/dpu Collective practices and the right to the city in Salvador, Brazil Collaborative work between MSc Social Development Practice, The Bartlett Development Planning Unit and Lugar Comum, Faculty of Architecture of the Universidade Federal da Bahia MSc Social Development Practice student report Alexandre Apsan Frediani, Tamlyn Monson, Ignacia Ossul Vermehren Editors September 2016 About the editors Dr. Alexandre Apsan Frediani is a lecturer in community- led development in the global south and co-director of the masters programme in Social Development Practice at the Bartlett Development Planning Unit of University College London (UCL). His research interests include the applica- tion of Amartya Sen’s Capability Approach in development practice, participatory planning and design and squatter settlement upgrading. His work has appeared in journals such as Environment & Urbanization, Development in Prac- tice and Journal of Human Development and Capabilities. Dr. Tamlyn Monson provides administrative and teach- ing support to the masters programme in Social Devel- opment Practice. Her research interests include the re- lationship between social conflict, politics and citizenship claims in city peripheries. Her publications, in journals such as International Journal of Conflict and Violence and Government and Opposition, reflect a particular interest in the link between citizenship, migration, and social con- flict, and in the conceptions of social justice and forms of regulation that emerge in marginal spaces. Ignacia Ossul Vermehren is Teaching Fellow in the masters programme Social Development Practice. She is also a PhD candidate at the DPU, pursuing a study titled “The Politics of Home-Making.” She has been involved for several years with an NGO that provides housing for informal settlement in Latin America, and her research in- terests emerge from this experience, looking at the role of housing as a catalyst for social change in low-income communities. Content Acknowledgements 5 Appendices 65 1. Introduction 7 Appendix 1: Instrument for collective action for MSTB 65 2. Promoting a Just City in the Historic Appendix 2: ‘Heritage from below’ characteristics Centre: MSTB and the IPAC II and IPAC in Gamboa de Baixo fishing practices 67 III Occupations 11 Appendix 3: Output of Drawing Workshop at Acervo da Laje 68 2.1. Introduction 11 Appendix 4: Community-Led Social Audit 2.2. Methodology 13 Methodology for AMACH 69 2.3. Findings and Analysis 15 2.4. Proposal for future action 20 2.5 Conclusion 20 List of Figures 2.6 Works cited 21 1.1. Students analysing findings coproduced with 3. Heritage and the Right to the City in MSTB. Source: Ignacia Ossul Vermehren (left) and Gamboa de Baixo 23 Students conducting a focus group with AMACH (right). Source: Rosa Salazar Benazar. 1.2. Students working with residents in Gamboa de 3.1. Introduction 23 Baixo (left) and Acervo da Laje (right). Source: Igna- 3.2. Methodology 25 cia Ossul Vermehren. 3.3. Findings and Analysis 26 2.1. Salvador: Foundation Mario Leal Ferreira, captured 3.4. Proposal for Future Action 31 in September 2006. Source: Secretaria de Cultura 3.5 Conclusion 32 do Estado da Bahia, 2008 3.6 Works cited 33 2.2. Exterior of IPAC II, IPAC III, and streetscape of Rua do Passo. Source: Zaw Htun Lat. 4. Acervo da Laje: Changing places in 2.3. Analytical framework. Source: Chapter authors, Salvador’s periphery 35 drawing on Fainstein (2014). 2.4. Product of mapping exercises showing how resi- dents relate to their surroundings. Source: Natasha 4.1. Introduction 35 Menon. 4.2. Methodology 38 2.5. Timeline of occupation process in IPAC III. Source: 4.3. Findings and Analysis 40 Chapter authors. 4.4. Instruments for Collective Action 45 2.6. Relationship of the participants to the locality in 4.5 Conclusion 46 which they live. Source: mapping exercise with 4.6 Works cited 46 participants. 3.1. Map showing Gamboa de Baixo, its surround- 5. The right to the city in policy and ings and coastal developments. Source: Chapter beyond: Lessons from regeneration in authors, adapted from Google Earth. Salvador’s Historic Centre 49 3.2. Gamboa de Baixo from the sea. Source: Maurifa Hassan. 3.3. Gamboa de Baixo, whose entrance is under this 5.1. Introduction and Context 49 road, is almost invisible in Salvador. There are no 5.2. Methodology 52 signs acknowledging the community’s existence. 5.3. Findings and Analysis 54 Source: Maurifa Hassan. 5.4. Recommendations for Future Action 59 3.4. A wall recalling the ‘Mudo Gamboa’ movement, 5.5 Conclusion 60 photographed during a transect walk. Source: 5.6 Works cited 60 Maurifa Hassan. 3.5. Recording findings of a focus group at Gamboa de 6. Conclusion 63 Baixo restaurant. Source: Maurifa Hassan. 4.1. Administrative regions in Salvador. Source: Secre- List of Boxes taria Municipal de Desenvolvimento e Urbanismo (2016). 5.1.Terms specified by the TAC. Source: Chapter authors, 4.2. Vacant São Brazil textile factory. Source: Kentaro based on Reboucas (2012). Tsubakihara. 5.2. Definition of a Community-Led Social Audit. Source: 4.3. Ethnicity in Subúrbio Ferroviário. Source: Mendes Chapter authors, based on Reboucas (2012). (2015) 4.4. Art collection at AdL. Source: Kentaro Tsubakihara. List of Tables 4.5. Workshop with children at AdL (left) and birthday party at AdL (right). Source: Kentaro Tsubakihara. 2.1. Timeline of the research process. Source: Chapter 4.6. Bus stop in Subúrbio Ferroviário (left) and train authors. seen from across the water (right). Source: Kentaro 2.2. Evolution of resident population and densities (in- Tsubakihara. habitants/ha). Source: IBGE (1982, 2001) as cited in 4.7. New development of VLT route. Source: A. Tarde Nobre (2002). (2015). 3.1. Stakeholders, policies and instruments related to 4.8. Initial (top) and future (bottom) stages of the Gamboa de Baixo. Source: Chapter authors, based urban plan. Source: Fundação Mário Leal Ferreira on information in Zanoli & Aloir (2014). (2016). 3.2. Stages of the research performed and related 4.9. Ramblr with Vilma, a central AdL member. Source: methods and activities. Source: Chapter authors. Chapter authors (see http://rblr.co/II9h) 3.3. Description of the methods performed in the re- 4.10. News coverage of Subúrbio Ferroviário. Source: A search. Source: Chapter authors. Tarde 2006-2007 cited by Johnson (2012, p.80). 3.4. Characteristics of heritage from below. Source: 4.11. Graffiti in the streets of Subúrbio. Source: Kentaro Copeland (2012). Tsubakihara. 3.5. Fishing practices carried out at Gamboa de Baixo. 4.12. Participating children’s drawings of AdL. Source: Source: Chapter authors. Kentaro Tsubakihara. 4.1. Methods at AdL. Source: Chapter authors. 4.13. Poster of Ocupa Lajes. Source: Kentaro Tsubaki- 5.1. Impacts of the Program of Regeneration on popula- hara. tion and density the historic centre and it surround- 5.1. A timeline of events which led to the formation of ings. Source: Nobre 2002: p123. the TAC. Source: Chapter authors. 5.2. Stage-by-stage displacements by the regeneration 5.2. A postcard shows how CONDER’s narrative project. Source: Riggs (2008); Lavalle et al (2013). changed from one of displacement to inclusion 5.3. Dimensions of the right to the city. Source: Chapter following the creation of the TAC. It states ‘For authors. a baiano, only one thing gives more pride than 5.4. TAC deliveries. Source: Chapter authors. having a historical heritage: to live on it’. Source: Braga & Júnior (2009, p.31). List of acronyms 5.3. An AMACH banner calling for the right to remain in Pelourinho. Source: Chapter authors. AdL Acervo da Laje 5.4. Analytical framework. Source: Chapter authors. AMPLA Associação de Moradores de Plataforma 5.5. Workshop with AMACH. Source: Kai Fang. BID Inter-American Development Bank 5.6. Interview with representatives from CONDER. CONDER Companhia de Desenvolvimento Source: Kai Fang. Urbano do Estado da Bahia 5.7. Stakeholder analysis. Source: Chapter authors, drawing on ODI (2012). DPU Development Planning Unit 5.8. Two main spaces of participation offered by the FGD Focus Group Discussion TAC and the quality and consequences of delivery. IBGE Brazilian Institute of Geography and Source: chapter authors. Statistics 5.9. Impact of inappropriate drainage on housing con- IPHAN Instituto de Patrimônio Histórico e ditions. Source: Kai Fang. Artístico Nacional 5.10. Site of the proposed car park. Source: Chapter MAM Museu de Arte Moderna authors. NGO Non-governmental organisation 5.11. Some key aims of a community led social audit. PDDU Plano Diretor de Desenvolvimento Source: Chapter authors drawing on Berthin Urbano (2011). SPU Secretária do Patrimonio da União 6.1. Recording findings of action research activities. Source: Ignacia Ossul Vermehren (left) and Maurifa UCL University College London Hassan (right). UFBA Universidade Federal da Bahia UMM Unhão dos Movimentos de Moradia UN United Nations UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation VLT Veículo Leve sobre Trilhos ZEIS Zonas de Especial Interesse Social Acknowledgements We are very grateful to all those living and working Therefore, we extend gratitude to: in Salvador who collaborated with this project and provided students with an insight into their everyday Associação Amigos de Gegê dos Moradores da life, opinions and struggles. The research presented Gamboa de Baixo in this report could not have been conducted with- Ana Cristina da Silva Caminha out the instrumental support of ‘Grupo de Pesquisa Adriano de Jesus Sapucaia Lugar Comum’ from Faculty of Architecture of the Universidade Federal da Bahia (FAUFBA) and of our Acervo da Laje community partners, especially to those who worked José Eduardo Ferreira Santos directly with our students. Therefore, we would like to Leandro Souza dos Santos thank Associação Amigos de Gegê dos Moradores da Vilma Soares Ferreira Santos Gamboa de Baixo, Acervo da Laje, Movimento Sem Teto da Bahia (MSTB) and Associação de Moradores Movimento Sem-Teto da Bahia e Amigos do Centro Histórico (AMACH) for convey- Sandra Maria Coelho dos Santos ing students with a practical understanding of urban Wagner Campos policies and the right to the city in Salvador. Special recognition goes to the participants of Lugar Comum Associação dos Moradores e Amigos do Centro for their valuable contribution to the field research and Histórico de Salvador for their feedback on our findings and activities. From Armando Caetano Santos the DPU Social Development Practice Team, this has Carla Mirela dos Santos been an enriching experience which we hope to con- Cátia dos Reis Silva tinue building in the following years. Cícero Jorge de Araújo Mello Elisângela Nunes Mendonça We would like to particularly thank the members of the Jecilda Maria da Cruz Mello associations and social movements who contributed Lenilza de Souza Gomes to this research project and whose hands-on involve- Marizei dos Anjos ment was crucial in exploring the collective practices Sandra Regina Silva Santos claiming for rights to the city in Salvador da Bahia. Tânia Regina Rodrigues Photo credit: Maurifa Hassan 7 1. Introduction MSc Social Development Practice/ The Bartlett Development Planning Unit Alexandre Apsan Frediani, Andrea Rigon, Ignacia Ossul Vermehren, Julian Walker, Tamlyn Monson Lugar Comum/Faculdade de Arquitetura da UFBA Ana Fernandes, Glória Cecília Figueiredo, José Carlos Huapaya Espinoza This report is the result of a six-month research assign- Salvador have attempted to access the right to housing ment conducted from January to June 2016 by stu- and urban life in a divided city. This builds on decades dents on the MSc Social Development Practice at The of pressure on the state by social movements, which Bartlett Development Planning Unit (DPU) of Univer- resulted in the recognition of the social function of land sity College London. This action research assignment and property in the Federal Constitution (1988) and the emerged out of a partnership between DPU and ‘Grupo City statute (2001). In other words, the legal order “rec- de Pesquisa Lugar Comum’ (Common Place Research ognized the ‘right to the city’ as a collective right” (Fer- Group) from the Faculty of Architecture of the Universi- nandes 2007:201), providing “the potential to generate dade Federal da Bahia (FAUFBA), and aimed to docu- urban spaces that are less segregated and that fulfill their ment and generate action learning on collective prac- ‘social function’” (Caldeira & Holston, 2005:411; In ONG tices claiming for rights to the city in Salvador, the first et al). A related area in which participation and diversity Brazilian capital (1549-1763), located in the Northeast have been recognised in the Constitution is in the pro- region of the country. tection of community participation and the value of the intangible heritage of different communitarian groups in The right to the city – a concept by Lefebvre (1996) Brazilian society. This provides a potential legal basis for [1968] – deals with the struggles of social movements specific heritage claims to be made by them. for a radical change in gaining better access to the city, reinventing and transforming it. One expression of the Within this broader context, our action research collabo- ‘right to the city’ is as “a demand…(for) a transformed ration built on a research-by-design initiative by Lugar and renewed access to urban life” (Lefebvre 1996, Comum, which focused as a starting point on the reuse p.158). Underlying this concept is an understanding that and rehabilitation of vacant buildings for the purpose of space plays a central role in contesting or reproducing strengthening collective and solidary forms of economic the city, and in shaping the potential for a better, fair and production of some urban poor areas in Salvador, to- democratic future. wards a more just and democratic city. Collective claims over vacant buildings and spaces are carried out by a Salvador is no exception. Poverty and exclusion are variety of groups, with diverse temporalities, and organ- closely linked, with social differentiation marked clearly in ised in different ways and for diverse purposes. Some space (Caldeira, 1986, p.3). The unequal distribution of of them are housing social movements, where vacant land and property in the city segregates the wealthy from spaces have been used as occupations to pressurise the poor – a division which also has strong racial and governmental authorities to be more responsive to the cultural dimensions. Many people live in poor conditions needs and aspirations of the urban poor. Others are without options of better accommodation in the city, and more gradual, incremental occupations carried out by certain communities face stigma and stereotyping based local residents with the objective of generating housing on the social problems or identities associated with the solutions for the homeless population. But other collec- areas where they live, most of them organized in associa- tive claims emerged and have been integrated in the ini- tions or movement struggling to gain recognition of long- tiative, since the right to the city involves multiple dimen- standing ways of life. sions of urban life. As a result, focus was also adjusted towards movements organized on a mix between infra- Yet alongside the reproduction of exclusion through structural and cultural demands, integrating spaces to space, contestations have emerged in which residents perform socio-cultural and pedagogical activities, with use space to challenge exclusion, with occupations of the objective to generate learning and recognition of cul- land and buildings, just one way that poor residents of tural heritage among marginalised groups. 8 Msc SDP Student Report 2016 For this project to be successful, with its variety of dimen- 1. The context and practices of social mobilisation sions, we considered that a deeper understanding of col- employed by the collective movement, and how lective claims was needed to ensure that the reuse and the movement shapes the use and appropriation rehabilitation project and the infrastructural and cultural of spaces. one are embedded in these experiences. Furthermore, be- yond the focus of the projects, the documentation of these 2. The role collective practices play in the struggles practices through participatory processes had potential to towards access to substantive citizenship rights strengthen the collectives, enabling a process of shared among the urban poor, with their diverse needs learning, which can support their ongoing activities and and aspirations. strategy building. Therefore, the collaboration focused on generating lessons of the social conditions and practices 3. How collective practices were supported and en- employed by such collectives to support their ongoing mo- hanced to strengthen their capacity to claim ‘rights bilisation as well as inform the implementation of the pro- to the city’ jects. Students aimed to explore: Figure 1.1. Students analysing findings coproduced with MSTB. Source: Ignacia Ossul Vermehren (left) and Students conducting a focus group with AMACH (right). Source: Rosa Salazar Benazar. Figure 1.2. Students working with residents in Gamboa de Baixo (left) and Acervo da Laje (right). Source: Ignacia Ossul Vermehren.